What to Know About Yellow Jackets
Both centipedes and millipedes are generally hatched from eggs, but some varieties are born live. Some centipedes may live as long as six years.
Yellow Jackets Are Not Your Friends
They may look like bees, but these black and yellow predators are much meaner than their honey-producing doppelgangers. You wouldn’t want to run into a pack of these pesky predators!
If a colony of yellow jackets is plaguing you, contact Environmental Pest Management for a free quote. Environmental Pest Management uses only environmentally friendly products to rid you of bothersome pests and insects in a flash!
You may be asking yourself, “Should I even be worrying about yellow jackets, what’s the big deal?” Let me assure you; they are a big deal. You don’t want them around your home or family.
Let us share with you some information about yellow jackets and why they can be dangerous.
What Do Yellow Jackets Look Like?
Yellow jackets usually range in size between 10 and 16 mm. While they most often display a striped black and yellow appearance, they can also be black and white in coloring.
They do look similar to bees, but there are a few ways to spot the difference;
- Yellow jackets waists are thinner and longer than bees
- Yellow jackets wings are longer and lighter than their body and lay laterally across their backs when at rest
- Bees are hairy. Yellow jackets are smooth
There is one main difference between bees and yellow jackets that you should particularly notice. Bees are only able to sting once while yellow jackets can sting multiple times. They have smaller barbs which allow them to sting repeatedly.
Which brings us to;
What Do I Do If I Get Stung By A Yellow Jacket?
Ideally, you should avoid getting stung in the first place. There are a few simple precautions you can take to lower the likelihood of a sting.
- If you are eating outside, dispose of your food quickly and remove trash from your immediate area
- If you are hiking or walking and you come across several yellow jackets, that means there is probably a hive nearby. Clear the area as quickly as possible
- If a yellowjacket lands on you or flies near you, don’t swat at it. Aggression from you may lead to an attack from the bug.
Fortunately, yellow jackets are only aggressive when they feel threatened. If they think you are infringing on their territory, they are likely to come after you.
Yellow jacket stings can be excruciating. Some of the common effects you can expect are mild swelling and irritation at the site.
Some people may experience an allergic reaction to a sting. Some symptoms to look out for are;
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- Problems breathing
- Coughing
- Weezing
- Tightening of the throat
If you or a loved one experience any of these symptoms following a sting from a yellow jacket, consult a physician immediately. If you know you are allergic to any insect stings, you should always carry an epi-pen with you.
Thankfully, most people are not allergic and will experience only minor symptoms. There are many easy to use, at-home remedies you can try to treat mild irritation.
- Take an antihistamine
- Apply an ice pack or a cold compress. Be careful, do not leave an ice pack on for more than 20 minutes at a time
- Make a paste out of baking soda and water. Apply to the sting to neutralize the venom
- To reduce the itching, apply a cotton swab doused with vinegar
- To minimize swelling, apply a sprinkling of meat tenderizer, which contains an enzyme called papain that can help break down the venom in an insect sting
For a bit more info, MultiCare has put together this helpful chart. Check it out!
Where Do Yellow Jackets Live?
Yellow jackets live in large colonies. Most yellow jackets live a little bit less than one year. Like bees, some function as workers or drones. They bring the food back to the colony.
Also like bees, they have a queen, and she is the only one to survive through the winter. She hibernates in a safe space, either subterranean or high above the ground. In the spring, she lays her eggs and the insects that hatch become the new colony.
Yellow jackets make their homes in bushes, trees or the eaves or walls of houses. Occasionally, they will build a nest in an attic. Luckily, theses nests rarely cause structural damage to your home.
What Do Yellow Jackets Eat?
Yellow jackets are both pollinators and scavengers. They are attracted to both meat and sweets. They will hang around your trash or any food you leave around outside.
One of the few beneficial aspects of yellow jackets may be that they are known to eat other pesky insects. Unfortunately, the negatives far outweigh the positives when you’re facing a yellow jacket infestation.
What Do I Do If I Find Yellow Jackets In Or Near My Home?
If you find an infestation of yellow jackets in your home, firstly, do not try to remove them yourself. Additionally, do not try to block the entrance to the hive as that will merely stir them up.
The best thing to do is to call a professional to remove the hive for you. Contact Environmental Pest Management now to schedule a free consultation.
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Many common wild animals have long been making themselves at home in our suburbs and cities. Some animals come and go among us. They discover food in abundance in our gardens, trash cans and pets’ food dishes. They learn easy routes in and out of our towns–through underbrush, along streams and railways, and even through sewers. But when these animals find their way into your home or garage and decide to stay, they quickly become a nuisance. Raccoons, opossums, rats, squirrels, bats, and many other animals cause millions of dollars in property damage every year. Some carry diseases and parasites that can be transmitted to you or your pets.
Wild animals are attracted to areas that have easy access to food sources such as vegetable gardens, bird feeders, or unprotected domestic animal feeds. They tend to look for areas that provide a warm shelter that will protect them from the elements such as attics, basements, walls and chimneys. If there are easy access points such as loose siding, broken windows or missing foundation vents, animals will be more likely to set up residence.
Ignoring the problem will not encourage it to go away. Most invading rodents settle in and decide to stay. Unfortunately, the longer an animal remains undisturbed in any particular area, the more difficult it will be to remove. The animal will build a nest, produce offspring and attract others to shelter in your home. Confronting a trespassing pest on your own is never a good idea. A wild animal is unpredictable and dangerous no matter how small or innocuous looking. Calling a professional exterminator is always recommended when dealing with nuisance wildlife. Professional wildlife control technicians have the equipment and knowledge necessary to safely remove the animal from your property without injuring it or themselves. They will then relocate the captured animal to a more appropriate location. Wildlife control technicians are also up to date on regulations involving species that may be protected by law and require special handling. A professional exterminator will also be able to assist with cleaning up the animal’s nest, droppings, and food remnants in order to prevent the spread of disease and bacteria.
The best thing you can do to protect your home from nuisance animals is to prevent them from setting up residence in the first place. But, if despite your best efforts to thwart a determined pest, you find that one has moved in, don’t hesitate to contact a wildlife exterminator. The sooner you get rid of your unwanted guest, the less chance it will have to cause extensive damage to your home or your health.
Ticks can be found year-round but are most prevalent in the warm summer months. They are parasites, and as a result, are on a continual quest for a host. If a host is not available, a tick can survive up to a year without feeding.
A female tick must have a blood meal before she can lay eggs. After feeding, she drops off her host and lays thousands of eggs. A female tick lays one batch of eggs, after which she dies. A male tick also dies after reproducing.
There are two established families of ticks: hard ticks and soft. A tick matures from egg to adult in stages. Depending on the family, some reach maturity in only a few stages of growth. Other varieties may take as many as eight stages to develop. The length of time to reach maturity also depends on factors as temperature, humidity and availability of food. With regard to physical characteristics, an immature tick has six legs; a full-grown adult has eight.
Ticks transmit a number of diseases as a result of feeding off both human and animal hosts. Examples include Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, Lyme Disease, Q Fever, Tularemia, Tick Paralysis and Meningoencephalitis.
Ticks often prefer certain hosts over others, resulting in names as Deer Tick, Cat Tick, American Dog Tick, Bat Tick, Bird Tick, etc. The family pet is a popular carrier of ticks, which unfortunately results in a tick entering a home. After feeding for a few days, a female tick will drop off of her host to lay eggs. Ticks seek out tiny crevices in which to store their eggs, which can result in a full-blown infestation of your home. Attempting to rid your home of the tick infestation can be difficult and frustrating, as eggs can hatch months later, long after you think you have the situation under control. For the best results in combating an tick infestation, contact a professional pest control company.
Stinging Insects
A bee or wasp problem in or your home or yard can disrupt daily life and put both you and your family in danger. If a family member is allergic to a bee and is stung, the reaction might be serious enough to warrant a trip to the hospital. A bad reaction can occur even if the allergy had previously been non-existent or mild. Also, an individual’s allergy can worsen after repeated exposure to bites. Multiple bites can be quite dangerous, especially with regard to the elderly or small children. Regardless, bee stings hurt even without an adverse reaction. If you want to make sure that bee or wasp stings do not pose a danger to you or your family, let a professional exterminator address the problem.
Exterminating bees or wasps on your own can be difficult and even dangerous. Sometimes a homeowner will attempt to exterminate pests alone, using chemical sprays from a hardware store or supply center. If these sprays are not applied in the correct locations, most of the bee or wasp colony will survive. The most challenging nests to control are those that located deep inside the walls of a home or in the attic. Often, a homeowner does not even know where the actual colony is located. He or she only sees where the wasps are flying back and forth through a crack or hole in the home. If there are bees or wasps anywhere in your home, extreme caution is advised. A professional exterminator will know exactly where to spray in order to eliminate your bee or wasp problem for good.
Outdoors, bee and wasp nests near human activity can pose a potential problem. Some wasps may become aggressive scavengers around human food and are attracted to outdoor activities where food or drinks are served. Most bees and wasps will not attack if left alone. However, some people are curious to observe a nest or unknowingly surprise a member of a hive. If provoked, a bee will sting in defense of its nest or itself. Insect sprays should be used with caution. Some of the more caustic over-the-counter sprays on the market can cause harm to children and pets. A professional exterminator knows which sprays to use that will not harm any of your loved ones.
If you attempt to exterminate pests yourself, you could literally spend hours shopping for costly pest control sprays or trapping devices. You could then spend even more time trying unsuccessfully to kill the wasps or bees, putting yourself or your family at risk in the process. A professional exterminating service can take care of your pest problem efficiently. Exterminators train or apprentice before they begin working independently and know a great deal about insects and insect removal. Contacting a professional exterminator can save you both time and money. The sooner you call a licensed exterminator, the sooner your family’s home and lives can return to normal.
Spiders are generally good to have around, as they help minimize the population of harmful insects. The problem arises, however, when they negatively affect humans. The mere sight of a spider can be a real scare for some people. Aside from that, many spiders do bite humans and are poisonous, so it is a good idea to have a pest control company address your spider infestation.
Several spiders pose a serious threat to humans. The two that are the deadliest to humans in the United States are the Black Widow and the Brown Recluse. Since a few people die each year from the bite of either of these two spiders, it’s extremely important for any person who is bitten by one of these spiders to seek treatment immediately. In some cases, hospitalization may be necessary.
The Black Widow spider can be easily recognized because she is black with a red hourglass on the underside of her abdomen. The male is considerably smaller than the female, and he has a body up to half an inch long. The Black Widow typically remains outdoors.
The Brown Recluse spider has a darker brown hourglass on its back. The Brown Recluse loves to be indoors and generally stays out of sight. It may never be seen until you startle it by reaching into a dark spot where it is hiding. Then it will bite.
There are plenty of other spiders in the United States, such as the Grass Spider, Wolf Spider, Hobo Spider, and the Saint Andrew’s Cross Spider, just to name a few. These spiders do not have the same strong venom in their bite, but all are painful and treatment may be required.
If you have noticed spiders in your home, contact a pest management company. They will know the most effective, safest way to eliminate the spider problem, and make recommendations about keeping them away in the future.
Mice and rats are a problem when they find their way into your home. They like to be near humans so that they have a ready supply of food. This has earned them the term “commensal,” which means “to share one’s table.”
The class of creatures called “rodents” actually encompasses a much more than just mice and rats. It refers to any animal whose incisor teeth continue to grow, so they must continually gnaw in order to keep them serviceable.
There are more than 2,200 different rodents. Together they make up more than 40% of all mammals. In this group you will find: mice, rats, squirrels, capybaras, nutria, chipmunks, prairie dogs, and many more.
Removing rodents can sometimes be as easy as setting a mouse trap; but a larger infestation (especially with rats or larger rodents) can be larger issue. Rats, especially, are smart and can learn to avoid traps.
Rodents can carry up to thirty-five diseases that humans are susceptible to, which is another reason to eliminate them as soon as possible. Cleaning up after a rodent infestation also requires a great deal of caution. This is necessary because of the possibility of fleas or mosquitoes, which may transmit their own diseases to you, your children and pets. There is also risk involved if you inadvertently stir up the dust of their nests; it can be hazardous to breathe in the bacteria contained within.
Rodents can also do physical damage your home or business. They easily chew through some types of siding and other building materials. They are also known to chew on electrical lines, thereby increasing the possibility of fire. They damage other materials as well, creating holes and gnawing on numerous objects, especially food or food containers.
Removing rodents can be difficult. A professional pest management company will identify nesting areas and feeding grounds and know how to completely eliminate them. Proper cleanup is also performed, ensuring that you and your family are safe from allergies, illness and possible future infestation.
Cockroaches
Just about everyone knows what a cockroach looks like; they are everywhere. While it is often jokingly stated that if anything could survive a nuclear war, it would be a cockroach, the idea is clear – they are real survivors.
Once there is a cockroach infestation, it can be very hard to get rid of them. Cockroaches multiply very quickly, and they also adapt quickly, too. It is important to contact a pest control agency quickly if you see them in your home or business.
There are over 4,000 different varieties of cockroaches, but only about thirty of them can comfortably live with humans. This number can be further reduced to include only four varieties; the main species that cause problems in homes and businesses in America.
The four main species are the American, German, Asian, and Oriental cockroaches. These vary in size from about 1/2″ (German), up to 2″ (American). In America, the species that is most common in homes would most likely be the German variety.
Cockroaches increase in population at a very rapid rate. The German cockroach female lives about 200 days. Each egg case that she lays includes thirty to fifty eggs. In her lifetime, she will produce between four to six egg cases. German cockroaches are clearly able to thrive.
Once cockroaches infest a home, they are rarely seen. Cockroaches are nocturnal and can live up to a month with little or no food. They can also survive by eating book bindings, furniture, glue, soap, dead insects, shoe linings, and more.
The presence of cockroaches can lead to a definite impression of uncleanness- especially if your guests see them. Contrary to popular belief, a cockroach infestation is not necessarily an indication of poor hygiene. However, an untidy environment will make it all the more difficult to get rid of them. The presence of cockroaches can also lead to health problems, including asthma in children. If you spot a cockroach at home or work, there are likely more of them concealed nearby. Contact a pest professional to avoid letting an infestation get out of hand.
Mosquitoes
Nearly everyone is affected by mosquitoes during the warmer months of the year. These pests swarm at outdoor events and breed prolifically in stagnant water–from bird baths to discarded tires–even puddles from the latest rainfall. Certain land features, such as swamps, reservoirs and retention ponds are virtual breeding grounds for mosquitoes. And, all it takes is one tenacious pest to infiltrate your home and make everyone inside miserable.
Contrary to popular belief, mosquitoes do not require blood to live, as they actually feed on nectar. The males are not blood drinkers; however, the female of the species requires it in order to lay eggs. Once she lays her eggs, a female mosquito will seek more blood in order to produce more young. She will continue this cycle during her short life span of about two weeks.
Though some may consider them an unpleasant nuisance, mosquitoes are responsible for more human deaths than any other insect. Mosquitoes feed off both humans and animals, thereby easily infecting host upon host.
A single mosquito bite can transmit diseases such as malaria, dengue fever, and encephalitis. The well-known and well-publicized West Nile Virus (an Encephalitis virus) first appeared in the Western hemisphere in 1999 and quickly spread to infect people in every state in the US.
As a result, mosquito control is vitally important to human health and well-being. There are many varieties of mosquitoes, some of which carry more deadly diseases than others. Mosquito insecticide is often used on a wide-scale basis to combat mosquitoes and is generally very effective. If your property is prone to attracting and breeding a mosquito population, contact a professional pest control company to assess and manage the situation.
Flies, typically considered a nuisance, exist in all regions of the United States. There are more than 240,000 different species of flies in the world. Approximately one third of them, including mosquitoes and gnats, can be found in the United States.
A true fly has only one set of wings. All flies are known disease carriers, many of which can be transmitted to humans. Flies typically breed in garbage, excrement of animals and humans, sewers, compost piles, and any other place where matter is decaying. This enables them to pick up various kinds of diseases which can be transmitted to people by biting or by landing on food, where the bacteria and viruses are released. Since flies are able to transmit disease so easily, it is necessary to seek insect control quickly. The diseases that they can carry include malaria, yellow fever, encephalitis, dengue fever, and more.
All flies have a rapid rate of growth and go from egg to adult in about seven days. Maggots are just one stage in the early development of a fly. Maggots of some fly varieties, such as the Carrot Rust fly, can be a problem because they eat the roots of some vegetables. The most common flies are the Fruit fly, the House fly (which have four stripes on their abdomen), the Cluster fly (which is dark gray in color), and the Garbage fly (which has a metallic color that is either green or blue). Another kind of fly, the Stable fly, typically exists around livestock. The Horse fly and a few other varieties of flies actually have mouth parts and can bite humans. Most other flies have a sponge-like mouth and can only drink up their food.
One benefit of flies is that they help reduce the population of other pests. They also help to break down carcasses and other decaying matter faster by preparing it to reenter the ground. Properly controlling flies includes not only killing the adults, but also destroying their eggs and larvae. Call a pest professional to manage any fly problems you encounter.
Centipedes & Millipedes
Millipedes and centipedes are similar pests. Though they may be unusually repulsive, they are not a major threat to people or animals.
Centipedes in the south tend to be the largest. They can grow up to six inches in length. A centipede can be easily distinguished from a millipede because it has fewer legs; specifically, one set for every segment of its body. Millipedes have two sets of legs for every segment, and when they move, their legs appear to be moving in a wave-like motion. A millipede’s legs are also shorter and, in general, a millipede cannot move very fast. A centipede, with its fewer legs, can travel considerably faster.
Both centipedes and millipedes are generally hatched from eggs, but some varieties are born live. Some centipedes may live as long as six years.
Centipedes actually have the ability to bite, and are poisonous. The poison from their fangs, located behind the head, is used to kill insects, which are their primary food. To a human, a bite feels like that of a bee sting, and can be dangerous,especially if there is an allergic reaction in response to the bite. Children will be more sensitive to a centipede’s bite.
Millipedes are not poisonous and do not have fangs, but they can emit an obnoxious fluid to defend themselves. Some varieties can spray this fluid several inches. The fluid can cause irritation to the skin in some people and should be removed right away. Additionally, it may take some scrubbing to get rid of the odor.
Millipedes feed on decaying plant matter and sometimes living plant roots. Millipedes can damage those roots if there are too many of the pests in the soil. Some varieties are known to be especially bothersome to greenhouse plants. If this occurs, you may need to contact a pest control agency to eliminate your millipede infestation.
House centipedes are an indoor variety. They can move quickly and do not require the moisture that the other varieties need. Centipedes are beneficial to the control of other insects, which may be a good reason to keep them around. The most likely time of year to see centipedes in your home is in the spring or fall.
Beetles make up the largest category of insects in the world, accounting for approximately 25% of all life forms on earth. In fact, there are more than 5 million different species of beetles.
Beetles are easily identified by their hard outer shell, which covers their wings. Their wings are exposed only during flight. A beetle’s body consists of three sections: a head, a thorax, and an abdomen.Adult beetles do not eat wood, only the beetle larvae do. When you see holes in either structural wood or in furniture, it is because the larvae have already left and you are seeing the exit holes. This could be an indication of a nearby infestation. Generally, beetles are attracted to the same type of wood from which they were born.
Some beetles, such as the common Ladybug, are actually advantageous to have around. They are known to keep down the population of other insects, so you should not attempt to destroy them or any other beneficial beetle species.
Treating for beetles requires proper knowledge of the type of beetle species you are trying to eliminate. Wood eating beetles, for instance, cannot be effectively treated using sprays because they are located deep within wood. If you think you may have a beetle infestation, your local pest professionals will have the knowledge,resources and solution to the problem.
What to Know About Yellow Jackets
Yellow jackets are insects in the wasp family. You may find them outdoors on your lawn or in your backyard at the end of summer and fall. They live in nests in large colonies and can be easily mistaken for bees. They can get quite aggressive if you disturb their nest.
There are three common types of yellow jacket wasps:
- The German yellow jacket (Vespula germanica)
- The Western yellow jacket (Vespula pensylvanica)
- The Eastern yellow jacket (Vespula maculifrons)
What Does a Yellow Jacket Look Like?
The yellow jacket is a bee-sized, black insect with distinct yellow markings on the head and yellow bands around the abdomen. The face is mostly yellow with dark eyes. Yellow jackets have large antennae and fold their wings lengthwise when not in motion. They like fruits, meat, and sweet drinks. Because of this, you may find them hanging out in parks and picnic areas.
Are Yellow Jackets Dangerous?
Yellow jackets are social insects and very territorial in nature. A yellow jacket colony can get quite aggressive when disturbed. Moreover, they can sting multiple times when provoked. Their sting is very painful and may cause allergic reactions in some individuals.
The yellow jacket sting may also make you develop hypersensitivity. This means that any future stings might cause severe reactions.
Symptoms of a Yellow Jacket Sting
After getting stung by a yellow jacket wasp, you may experience the following at the affected area:
On top of reactions near the site of the sting, you may also experience symptoms of an allergic reaction that include:
- Coughing
- Sweating
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Anxiety
- Hives
- Chest tightness
- Wheezing or difficulty breathing
- A tickling feeling in the throat
- Feeling dizzy or fainting
How to Treat a Yellow Jacket Sting
Treatment for a yellow jacket sting includes the following steps:
- Clean the affected area with soap and water.
- Try to reduce pain and swelling by placing a cold wrap (ice packs in a thin cloth) on the affected area for about 10 minutes on and off for about 30 minutes to an hour.
- Try to keep the affected area raised (if possible) to reduce swelling.
- If the pain and itching are too much, consider getting some over-the-counter pain medications and antihistamines.
How to Prevent a Yellow Jacket Sting
There are a few things you can do to prevent getting stung by yellow jackets when going outdoors. Consider doing the following:
- Try not to apply scented products like perfumes, hair products, and others before spending time outside.
- Avoid wearing clothes that are brightly colored.
- Avoid walking barefoot or in open shoes while outdoors or on the lawn.
- Consider applying insect repellents.
- If you know of a place with a yellow jacket nest, avoid it as much as you can until you have a professional remove it.
- Always stay calm when you encounter a yellow jacket and walk away slowly.
Tips to Control Yellow Jackets
Here are a few tips you can use to control yellow jackets:
- Regularly clear garbage from picnic sites and keep garbage cans tightly closed. This will help prevent yellow jackets from foraging in the garbage.
- While picnicking, avoid opening sugary drinks until they are served. If your drink is open, always check to see if there are any yellow jackets in the container before proceeding to have a sip. This may help you avoid getting stung accidentally in the mouth or throat.
- If you spot an underground nest, get insecticides meant for yellow jackets from a hardware store and apply them. Place the nozzle at the nest entrance and do it at night or in the evening. The late hours of the day is when all the yellow jackets are back in the nest from foraging. Also, consider wearing protective clothing while doing this. Protective clothing may include a hat, veil, gloves, and coveralls. Make sure you read and follow every instruction on the insecticide label.
- Consider setting traps for yellow jackets. Some less expensive and non-toxic traps for wasps include the yellow jacket inn, wasp trap, and the oak stump farm wasp trap. Check the different types of wasp traps in your local garden center and select the best option for you. You can also make a homemade trap hanging a slightly diced raw fish or meat about two inches above a mixture of water and detergent.
Other Health Effects of a Yellow Jacket Sting
Since yellow jackets like foraging in landfills, they may carry harmful bacteria (germs) on their stingers. Getting stung by a contaminated yellow jacket stinger can cause infections or blood poisoning.
Besides the pain and possible allergic reactions (hives, pruritis, and angioedema) a yellow jacket sting can cause you to develop other severe medical conditions. Sometimes, this can even lead to death. Health conditions that may arise include:
- Gastrointestinal discomfort. Getting stung by a yellow jacket can cause digestive tract issues like nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
- Cardiopulmonary conditions. These are conditions related to the heart. You may get hypotension (low blood pressure), pulmonary embolism, bronchospasm, and arrhythmias.
- Neurological disorders. Getting stung multiple times by a yellow jacket may put you at risk of getting neurological disorders like encephalitis, cerebral infarction, and more.
After getting multiple stings, you are also likely to get acute conditions like haemolysis, rhabdomyolysis, encephalopathy, and renal (kidney) failure. Cardiovascular issues are more likely to occur in children.
Yellow Jacket Benefits
While the yellow jacket is aggressive and potentially dangerous to humans, it can be beneficial to you and the environment. Yellow jackets are great pollinators. Many nectar-producing plants depend on them to reproduce. Farmers also can benefit from yellow jackets since they feed on other insects that harm crops.
Moreover, a yellow jacket may also protect your ornamental plants by feeding on destructive insects. Yellow jackets also get rid of blowfly larvae and house flies that could be a nuisance in your household.
Show Sources
Alabama A&M & Auburn Universities: “Lookout for Yellow Jackets – Outdoor Stinging Insects.”
Arizona Cooperative Extension: “Wasps and Yellow Jackets.”
BMJ Case Reports: “An unusual neurological consequence of massive wasp stings.”
Clemson University: “Yellow Jackets.”
National Pest Management Association: “Everything You Need to Know About Yellowjackets.”
The Johns Hopkins University: “Insect Stings.”
Washington NatureMapping Program: “Yellow Jacket.”