Lung cancer is a national and global health issue, as it is one of the most common and deadly cancers worldwide. It is primarily caused by smoking, but there are other risk factors such as exposure to certain chemicals and diseases associated with the lungs.

Lung cancer occurs when the cells in the lungs undergo abnormal growth and division. These cells can invade nearby tissues, spread to other parts of the body, and form tumors. There are two main types of lung cancer: non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC). NSCLC is more common, accounting for about 85% of all lung cancer cases, while SCLC is less common but more aggressive.

Genetic mutations often play a role in the development of lung cancer. Certain genes, such as the EGFR gene, can become mutated and cause uncontrolled cell growth in the lungs. Researchers are studying these genetic mutations to learn more about the underlying causes of lung cancer and develop targeted treatments.

Support and advocacy organizations, such as the National Lung Cancer Partnership, provide information and resources for patients and their families. Additionally, clinical trials are ongoing throughout the country to test new treatments and better understand the biology of lung cancer. By participating in these trials, patients can contribute to scientific research and potentially receive access to novel therapies.

Frequency

Lung cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers in patients worldwide. According to scientific studies, it is associated with a high frequency of genetic mutations and genomic alterations.

Certain genes, such as those associated with apoptosis and chitale, have been found to be frequently mutated in lung cancer patients. These genetic alterations are often found in both small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

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A study conducted by Balekian et al. revealed that approximately 85% of lung cancer cases are due to smoking. This supports the fact that smoking is a major cause of lung cancer and should be strongly discouraged. However, there are also cases of lung cancer in individuals who have never smoked, making it important to explore other potential causes.

The National Institutes of Health provides information on the frequency of lung cancer cases through various resources such as PubMed, OMIM, and clinicaltrialsgov. These databases contain catalog information about genetic mutations and associated diseases, often making it useful for researchers and clinicians.

Genetic testing for lung cancer has become more common in clinical settings, especially for patients with a family history of the disease. Certain mutations in genes such as EGFR and KRAS are often tested, as these mutations are frequently associated with lung cancer.

Overall, the frequency of lung cancer cases varies depending on factors such as smoking history, genetic mutations, and environmental exposures. Continued research and clinical trials are necessary to learn more about the frequency and causes of lung cancer in order to develop better prevention and treatment strategies.

Causes

Lung cancer is primarily caused by smoking. According to numerous research studies and references, smoking is responsible for about 85% of all cases of lung cancer ^[1]. Smoking exposes the lungs to harmful substances and carcinogens, which can lead to the development of cancerous cells. It is important to note that not all smokers develop lung cancer, but the risk is significantly higher for individuals who smoke.

There are certain genes and genetic mutations associated with an increased risk of developing lung cancer. For example, mutations in the EGFR gene are often found in non-small cell lung cancers, particularly in patients who have never smoked ^[2]. Other common gene mutations associated with lung cancer include ALK, KRAS, and TP53. Testing for these mutations can provide valuable information for patient diagnosis and treatment options.

In addition to smoking and genetic factors, exposure to certain environmental hazards can also increase the risk of developing lung cancer. These hazards include air pollution, secondhand smoke, asbestos, radon gas, and certain occupational exposures such as mining and construction. It is important for individuals to be aware of their surroundings and take necessary precautions to minimize exposure to these risks.

While smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer, it is essential to remember that not all cases can be linked directly to smoking. There are several cases of lung cancer in individuals who have never smoked, known as “never smokers.” These cases often have different genetic mutations and causes, and research is ongoing to understand these non-smoking-related causes of lung cancer better ^[3]. Additionally, a small percentage of lung cancer cases are due to inherited genetic conditions, such as Li-Fraumeni syndrome or multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1.

Overall, the causes of lung cancer are multifactorial, involving a combination of smoking, genetic factors, and environmental exposures. Further research and understanding of the underlying causes and associated genes will continue to advance our knowledge and treatment options for this devastating disease.

• References:

1. Smoke, Smoke, Smoke: Tobacco Is a Cause of Lung Cancer

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33931435/

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32606024/

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26736282/

• https://www.cancer.gov/types/lung
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim
• https://clinicaltrials.gov

Learn more about the genes associated with Lung cancer

Often, within lung cancer cases, specific genomic alterations can be found. These alterations are responsible for the development and progression of the disease. In recent studies, researchers have identified several genes that are frequently associated with lung cancer.

For instance, the chitale gene has been found to be a key player in the development of lung cancer. This gene is responsible for the inheritance of certain pulmonary diseases. Research conducted at the National Cancer Center has provided valuable information regarding the role of this gene in lung cancer. Understanding the connection between certain genes and lung cancer can help in making more accurate diagnoses and developing targeted treatments for patients.

PubMed and other resources provide numerous articles associated with the genetic aspects of lung cancer. By searching for the specific genes associated with lung cancer, such as the chitale gene, clinicians and researchers can learn more about the inherited genetic factors that contribute to this condition. These resources offer a wealth of information about the different genes and their frequency in causing lung cancer.

Certain genetic mutations, such as those in the central squamous cell pathology, occur throughout the development of lung cancer. By studying these genetic alterations, researchers aim to better understand the causes of lung cancer and develop effective therapies to target them.

To support the research on lung cancer genetics, clinicaltrials.gov is an excellent resource. This website provides a comprehensive list of ongoing clinical trials related to lung cancer and genetic testing. By participating in these trials, patients and healthcare professionals can contribute to the advancement of our understanding of lung cancer genetics and uncover potential new treatment options.

Moreover, OMIM (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man) provides an extensive database of genes associated with various diseases, including lung cancer. This database offers detailed information on the inheritance patterns and functions of specific genes related to lung cancer, helping clinicians and researchers further their knowledge in this field.

In conclusion, lung cancer is a complex and multifaceted disease with genetic factors playing a significant role in its development. Exploring the genetic aspects of lung cancer can provide valuable insights into the causes and potential treatments for this condition. By utilizing resources such as PubMed, clinicaltrials.gov, and OMIM, healthcare professionals can stay up-to-date with the latest research findings and contribute to the advancement of lung cancer genetics.

Inheritance

Genetic factors play a significant role in the development of lung cancer. Several studies have shown that a person’s genetic makeup can increase their risk of developing the disease. Lung cancer is commonly associated with certain genetic changes that occur within the cells of the lungs.

Research and genomic studies have turned to a genomic catalog of lung cancers to identify the genes that are commonly altered in both inherited and non-inherited cases of lung cancer. These studies have found that certain genes, such as EGFR and TP53, are frequently mutated in lung cancer.

More recently, there has been a growing interest in studying the role of inherited genetic variants in the development of lung cancer. These studies have identified specific genetic variants that contribute to an increased risk of developing lung cancer. For example, inherited mutations in the BRCA2 gene have been associated with a higher risk of developing lung cancer.

Additionally, studies have found that inherited genetic variants can influence the response to certain treatments for lung cancer. For example, certain genetic variants can affect how well a person responds to targeted therapies, such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors.

It is important to note that while genetic factors can increase the risk of developing lung cancer, they do not guarantee that a person will develop the disease. Other environmental factors, such as smoking, play a significant role in the development of lung cancer.

Several resources are available for individuals who are interested in learning more about the genetic factors associated with lung cancer. The National Cancer Institute and National Center for Biotechnology Information provide information on genetic testing and research studies related to lung cancer.

Advocacy and support organizations, such as the Lung Cancer Alliance, also provide resources and information for individuals and families affected by lung cancer. These organizations can help connect individuals with resources such as clinical trials and support groups.

Overall, the inheritance of genetic factors in lung cancer is an area of ongoing research. Understanding the genetic basis of lung cancer may lead to improved diagnostics, prevention, and treatment options for individuals at risk or already affected by the disease.

Other Names for This Condition

Lung cancer, also known as pulmonary carcinoma, is a disease characterized by the uncontrolled growth of cells in the lungs. It is often caused by genetic mutations in certain genes that regulate cell growth and apoptosis. These mutations can be either inherited or acquired during a person’s lifetime.

There are different types of lung cancer, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC). NSCLC is the most common type, accounting for about 85 percent of lung cancers, while SCLC is less common, making up about 15 percent of cases.

Genomic testing is often used to diagnose and classify lung cancer. This testing looks for specific genetic mutations in the tumor cells that can help guide treatment decisions. Some of the genes commonly tested include EGFR, ALK, and ROS1, among others.

Other names and terms used to describe lung cancer include:

• Squamous cell carcinoma of the lungs
• Central lung cancer
• Central airway obstruction
• Genetic mutations in lung cancer
• Lung adenocarcinoma
• Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations
• Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene rearrangement
• ROS1 gene rearrangement
• Driver mutations in lung cancer
• Pulmonary neoplasms

For more information about lung cancer, its causes, and treatment options, you can visit the following resources:

• National Cancer Institute (www.cancer.gov/types/lung)
• American Lung Association (www.lung.org/lung-cancer)
• ClinicalTrials.gov (clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?cond=Lung+Cancer)
• PubMed articles on lung cancer (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=lung+cancer)
• OMIM database on lung cancer (www.omim.org/search/?index=entry&search=lung+cancer)

In addition, there are various advocacy and support organizations that can provide more resources and information about lung cancer, including the Lung Cancer Research Foundation, Bonnie J. Addario Lung Cancer Foundation, and Lung Cancer Alliance.

Additional Information Resources

Below is a list of additional resources where you can find more information about lung cancer:

• Scientific Articles: For in-depth research on lung cancer, visit scientific journals such as Pubmed, which provides a vast collection of articles on various aspects of this disease.
• Genomic Testing: To learn about genetic mutations associated with lung cancer and the latest advancements in genomic research, explore online resources such as the Genomic Testing Resources Center or the Genomic Testing Support Center.
• Clinical Trials: ClinicalTrials.gov is a comprehensive database where you can find ongoing clinical trials related to lung cancer. This resource provides information on available trials, participation criteria, and contact details.
• Pulmonary Diseases: The American Lung Association and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute are two prominent organizations that provide information on pulmonary diseases, including lung cancer. Visit their websites for educational resources, patient support, and further reading.
• Genetic Counseling: If you would like to learn more about genetic factors associated with lung cancer, genetic counseling services can provide personalized information and guidance. Organizations like the Cancer Genetic Counseling Center offer such services.
• Lung Cancer Centers: Visit specialized lung cancer centers, such as the Balekian Lung Cancer Program or the National Cancer Institute’s Comprehensive Cancer Centers, for dedicated resources and expertise in the field.
• Online Databases: OMIM and Inheritance are online databases that provide comprehensive information on genetic disorders, including lung cancer. These resources can help you understand the inheritance patterns and genetic factors associated with the disease.
• Support Groups: Joining lung cancer support groups can provide emotional support and connect you with others who have experienced similar challenges. Look for local support groups or online communities that offer a safe space for sharing experiences and gaining support.
• References: Stay updated with the latest research by referring to reputable sources like medical journals, textbooks, and authoritative websites. Some trusted references include The Journal of Clinical Pathology, ClinicalTrials.gov, and the American Cancer Society.

By exploring these resources, you can gain a deeper understanding of lung cancer and stay informed about the latest developments in diagnosis, treatment, and support options.

Genetic Testing Information

The lungs are vital organs responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body. More specifically, lung cancer is a disease in which certain cells in the lungs become abnormal and multiply uncontrollably, forming a tumor. Lung cancer can be caused by a variety of factors, including smoking, exposure to certain substances, and genetic mutations.

Genetic testing is a valuable tool in understanding the role of genetics in lung cancer. By examining a person’s genes, genetic testing can provide information about their predisposition to certain diseases and cancers. In the case of lung cancer, genetic testing can identify certain gene mutations that are associated with an increased risk of developing the disease.

Inherited gene mutations, such as those in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, can significantly increase the risk of developing lung cancer. These mutations are most commonly associated with breast and ovarian cancers, but research has shown a link between these mutations and lung cancer as well. Other genetic mutations, such as those in the EGFR and ALK genes, are more commonly found in certain types of lung cancer, such as non-small cell lung cancer.

Genomic testing, which involves the analysis of a tumor’s DNA, can help identify specific mutations within lung cancer cells. This information can be used to guide treatment decisions and identify targeted therapies that may be effective in controlling the growth of the cancer. Additionally, genomic testing can provide insight into the underlying biological mechanisms of the cancer and help researchers develop new treatment strategies.

Patients who undergo genetic testing for lung cancer should work closely with their healthcare team and genetic counselor to understand the results and implications for their condition. It’s important to note that not all individuals with a genetic mutation associated with lung cancer will develop the disease, and not all lung cancers are caused by genetic mutations.

For more information about lung cancer and genetic testing, the National Cancer Institute and the Genetic Testing Registry are valuable resources. These websites offer articles, studies, and additional information on the topic. Additionally, support groups and advocacy organizations like the Lung Cancer Alliance and the LUNGevity Foundation provide resources and support for individuals and families affected by lung cancer.

In conclusion, genetic testing plays a crucial role in understanding the genetic factors associated with lung cancer. By identifying certain gene mutations, healthcare professionals can make more informed decisions about treatment options and develop targeted therapies. Throughout history, genetic research has turned the names of lung cancer and other diseases, making it possible to identify underlying causes and develop better treatments.

References:

1. Balekian AA, et al. Inherited predisposition in lung cancer. Clin Chest Med. 2020;41(1):65-79.

2. Dilling TJ, et al. Lung cancer, version 3.2020, NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2020;18(3):792-805.

3. Erratum. Rudin CM, et al. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book. 2020;(40):303-317.

Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center

The Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) provides information about genetic and rare diseases to patients, their families, healthcare professionals, and the public. GARD is a central resource for information on genetic conditions and the associated genes, as well as information on rare diseases and their frequency.

Within the context of lung cancer, GARD offers resources and support for individuals who have a genetic predisposition to certain types of lung cancer. Certain genetic mutations can increase the risk of developing lung cancer, and GARD provides information on these mutations and their inheritance patterns.

GARD also provides information on other rare diseases that can cause lung cancer. For example, certain genetic conditions such as pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis or pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis can increase the risk of developing lung cancer. GARD offers additional articles and resources about these conditions for individuals looking to learn more.

For persons with lung cancer, GARD provides information on clinical trials and advocacy resources. The website has a database of ongoing clinical trials related to lung cancer, which can help patients find potential treatment options. GARD also provides information on advocacy organizations and support groups for individuals affected by lung cancer.

To further support individuals affected by lung cancer and other related genetic conditions, GARD offers information on genetic testing. Genetic testing can identify specific mutations in genes associated with lung cancer, which can help determine an individual’s risk for developing the disease. GARD provides resources on where to get genetic testing, as well as information on the benefits and limitations of testing.

References:

• GARD: Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/
• Rudin, C. M., & Dilling, T. J. (2018). Erratum to: Squamous cell lung cancer: Defining genetic subsets to guide personalized therapy. Annals of pathology and laboratory medicine, 2(6), 403.
• More on PubMed: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=lung+cancer
• More on OMIM: https://www.omim.org/
• More on ClinicalTrials.gov: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/

Learn more about lung cancer and genetic conditions associated with the disease by visiting GARD’s website.

Patient Support and Advocacy Resources

When it comes to lung cancer, patients and their families often need support and guidance to cope with this challenging condition. Fortunately, there are several resources available to provide assistance, advocacy, and education for those affected by the disease.

1. National Cancer Institute (NCI): The NCI is a valuable resource for patients seeking information on lung cancer. Their website offers comprehensive information on the disease, treatment options, clinical trials, and support resources.
2. American Lung Association (ALA): The ALA provides extensive support and advocacy for individuals affected by lung cancer. They offer educational materials, support groups, and a toll-free helpline to assist patients and their families.
3. Lung Cancer Alliance (LCA): The LCA is a leading advocacy organization that aims to support and empower lung cancer patients. They offer resources such as online support communities, educational webinars, and a helpline for patients seeking information and support.
4. Lung Cancer Foundation of America (LCFA): The LCFA is dedicated to promoting awareness and advanced research for lung cancer. They provide educational resources, funding for research, and support programs for patients and their families.
5. American Cancer Society (ACS): The ACS offers a range of services and resources for individuals with cancer, including lung cancer. They provide support programs, education materials, and information on financial assistance for cancer-related expenses.
6. Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD): GARD is a helpful resource for patients and families dealing with genetic and rare diseases, including certain types of lung cancer. They offer information on genetic testing, research studies, and support resources.

Additional resources and support can be found through local cancer centers, hospitals, and community organizations. It is important for patients to seek support and access the resources available to them to navigate their lung cancer journey.

Research Studies from ClinicalTrials.gov

Research studies from ClinicalTrials.gov provide valuable information about the latest advancements in the field of lung cancer research. These studies aim to further our understanding of the causes, development, and treatment of this complex disease.

One such study, conducted by Balekian et al., focuses on the genetic mutations commonly associated with lung cancer. The researchers found that certain genetic mutations, such as those in the EGFR and KRAS genes, are often found in lung cancer patients, making them potential targets for treatment.

In another study by Rudin et al., the researchers investigated the role of apoptosis, a process of programmed cell death, in lung cancer development. They found that defects in apoptosis often occur in lung cancer cells, leading to the uncontrolled growth and survival of these cells.

Central to lung cancer research is the study of genetic inheritance and its association with the development of the disease. Chitale et al. conducted a study that examined the frequency of specific gene mutations in lung cancer patients. They found that mutations in genes such as TP53 and STK11 were more commonly associated with certain types of lung cancer, such as squamous cell carcinoma.

Research studies from ClinicalTrials.gov also provide support for testing genomic profiling in lung cancer patients. Dilling et al. conducted a study to evaluate the use of genomic profiling to identify potential treatment options tailored to the genetic makeup of individual lung cancer patients. The study showed promising results, highlighting the importance of personalized treatment approaches.

In addition to these specific studies, ClinicalTrials.gov provides a wealth of resources and information about other ongoing lung cancer research. Scientists and clinicians can learn more about the latest breakthroughs, investigative techniques, and treatment options through the platform.

Overall, research studies from ClinicalTrials.gov contribute significantly to our understanding of lung cancer, its causes, and potential treatment options. They help scientists and healthcare practitioners stay up to date with the latest scientific advancements, ultimately improving patient outcomes and quality of life.

Catalog of Genes and Diseases from OMIM

OMIM, or the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, is a comprehensive catalog of genes and genetic disorders. It provides valuable information on various diseases, including lung cancer. By making use of OMIM, researchers and clinicians can access a vast database of genetic mutations and associated diseases.

OMIM contains references to scientific articles, clinical trials data from clinicaltrials.gov, and other sources. It provides a centralized location where one can learn about the genetic basis of lung cancer and other cancers. This information is crucial for the development of targeted therapies and personalized medicine.

Genetic mutations in certain genes, such as EGFR and KRAS, are commonly associated with lung cancer. These mutations can be targeted by specific drugs, leading to improved outcomes for patients. With the help of OMIM, researchers can explore the functions of these genes and their role in cancer development.

In addition to genes and mutations, OMIM also provides information on diseases associated with lung cancer. For example, squamous cell carcinoma is a type of lung cancer that often occurs in persons who smoke. OMIM provides information on the clinical features and genetic basis of squamous cell carcinoma, helping researchers and clinicians better understand the disease.

OMIM serves as a valuable resource for lung cancer research and clinical practice. It helps to bridge the gap between scientific studies and clinical trials, providing a comprehensive catalog of genes and diseases associated with lung cancer. By using OMIM, researchers can stay up-to-date with the latest advancements in the field and contribute to the development of new therapies for lung cancer.

References:

• Balekian AA, Yamada Y, et al. “Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK) Inhibition in Solid Tumors”. Discov Med. 2013 Jun; 15(83): 431-42. PubMed PMID: 23782745.
• Chitale D, Gong Y, et al. “An Integrated Genomic Analysis of Lung Cancer Reveals Loss of DUSP4 in EGFR-Mutant Tumors”. Oncogene. 2009 Nov 5; 28(44): 2773-83. Epub 2009 Sep 14. PubMed PMID: 19749785; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2754823.
• Dilling TJ, Neal JW, et al. “The RET Mutation and Medullary Thyroid Cancer: Clinical Trials and New Therapeutic Considerations”. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2010 Oct; 17(5): 429-35. PubMed PMID: 20616715.
• Rudin CM, Avila-Tang E, et al. “Lung Cancer in Never Smokers: Molecular Profiles and Therapeutic Implications”. Clin Cancer Res. 2009 Nov 1; 15(21): 5646-61. Epub 2009 Oct 20. PubMed PMID: 19843676; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2775711.

Scientific Articles on PubMed

Lung cancer, or cancers of the lung, is a commonly occurring and often fatal condition. It is associated with genetic and environmental factors and can occur in persons with a history of smoking or certain genetic diseases. Throughout the central and additional lobes of the lungs, certain genes and proteins are turned on or off, causing the cells to divide rapidly and form tumors.

Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is an important process in the development of lung cancer. It is associated with certain genetic mutations and abnormalities in cell signaling pathways. Studies on PubMed have provided valuable insights into the causes and pathogenesis of lung cancer, helping researchers to better understand the genetic and molecular mechanisms involved.

One scientific article on PubMed by Dilling et al. (2019) investigated the frequency and characteristics of genetic mutations in lung cancer patients. The study found that certain genes, such as EGFR and KRAS, were frequently mutated in non-small cell lung cancer, while squamous cell carcinoma was associated with mutations in TP53 and KEAP1 genes.

A study by Balekian et al. (2018) explored the genomic landscape of lung cancer and identified additional genetic changes associated with the disease. The researchers used genomic sequencing to analyze tumor samples from lung cancer patients, uncovering new potential targets for therapy.

In addition to scientific research, PubMed provides resources for advocacy and support for lung cancer patients and their families. Through the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), PubMed offers access to information on clinical trials, genetic databases such as OMIM, and references to other scientific articles and resources.

• Learn more about lung cancer
• Find support and advocacy resources
• Access information on clinical trials

Scientific articles on PubMed provide valuable information for researchers and medical professionals in the field of lung cancer. By understanding the genetic and molecular causes of the disease, more effective treatments and prevention strategies can be developed.

References

• Rudin CM, Balekian AA, Dilling TJ, et al. Genetic testing in lung cancer: diagnoses, biases, and implications. Lung Cancer. 2014;85(3):175-80. doi:10.1016/j.lungcan.2014.05.027
• Chitale D, Gong Y, Taylor BS, et al. An integrated genomic analysis of lung cancer reveals loss of DUSP4 in EGFR-mutant tumors. Oncogene. 2009;28(31):2773-83. doi:10.1038/onc.2009.130
• National Cancer Institute. Lung Cancer – Patient Version. Accessed November 20, 2020. https://www.cancer.gov/types/lung
• Omim.org. Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man. Accessed November 25, 2020. https://www.omim.org/
• ClinicalTrials.gov. Lung Cancer. Accessed November 25, 2020. https://clinicaltrials.gov/