Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a chronic inflammatory condition that affects children and adolescents. It is the most common type of arthritis in children, with a prevalence of about 1 in 1,000 children. The exact cause of JIA is unknown, but it is thought to be a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors.

The genetic basis of JIA is still being unravelled, but studies have identified several genes that are associated with an increased risk of developing the condition. These genes are involved in immune system regulation and inflammation. However, it is important to note that not all children with these genetic mutations will develop JIA, and not all children with JIA will have these genetic mutations.

There are several different types of JIA, each with its own set of symptoms and disease progression. The classification of JIA is based on the number of joints affected, the presence of systemic symptoms, and other clinical features. Some of the names used to describe the different types of JIA include oligoarticular, polyarticular, systemic-onset, enthesitis-related, and psoriatic.

Diagnosing JIA can be challenging, as there is no single test that can definitively confirm the condition. However, genetic testing can be used to help identify the underlying genetic causes of JIA in some patients. There are also several resources available to support patients and their families, including advocacy groups, research centers, and online catalogs of scientific articles and studies.

Overall, while the exact causes of JIA are still being investigated, research in the field of genetics and rheumatology has provided valuable insights into the development and progression of this condition. By understanding the genetic and immune system factors that contribute to JIA, researchers hope to develop more targeted and effective treatments for patients.

Frequency

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common chronic rheumatic disease in childhood, with a prevalence of around 1 in 1,000 children. The frequency of JIA varies within different populations and genetic backgrounds.

Americans see their primary care doctors less often than they did a decade ago. Adults under 65 made nearly 25% fewer visits to primary care providers in 2016 than they did in 2018, according to National Public Radio. In the same time period, the number of adults who went at least a year without visiting a primary care provider increased from 38% to 46%.

The exact causes of JIA are still unknown, but it is believed to have a complex genetic component. There can be a genetic predisposition to the development of the disease, as certain genes have been identified to be associated with JIA. These genetic factors can influence the incidence and severity of the condition.

According to clinicaltrialsgov, there are ongoing scientific studies and research being conducted to better understand the genetic factors involved in JIA. The information gathered from these studies can contribute to the development of more targeted treatment options and resources for patients with JIA.

JIA can be classified into several different types based on various clinical and genetic factors. These include oligoarticular JIA, polyarticular JIA, systemic JIA, enthesitis-related arthritis, psoriatic JIA, and other rare subtypes. Each subtype has its own unique genetic and clinical characteristics.

The frequency of each JIA subtype may vary, with some subtypes being more common than others. For example, oligoarticular JIA is the most common subtype, accounting for about 50% of JIA cases. On the other hand, systemic JIA is relatively rare, occurring in less than 10% of JIA cases.

There are resources available, such as the Oxford Journal of Rheumatology and OMIM (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man), where one can learn more about the genetics and frequency of JIA, as well as other diseases associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis.

Advocacy and support groups, such as the Arthritis Research Center and the American College of Rheumatology, provide additional information and resources for patients and their families. These organizations also promote awareness and research on genetic and immune-related diseases, including JIA.

1. References:

• Oxford Journal of Rheumatology
• OMIM (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man)
• Arthritis Research Center
• American College of Rheumatology

Causes

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a chronic inflammatory condition that affects children and adolescents. The exact cause of JIA is unknown, but it is thought to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors.

There are several types of JIA, each with its own set of causes, but the most common type is oligoarticular JIA, which affects fewer than five joints. Other types include polyarticular JIA (affects five or more joints), systemic JIA (affects multiple organs), psoriatic JIA (associated with psoriasis), and enthesitis-related JIA (inflammation where tendons attach to bone).

Genetics seems to play a role in JIA, as there is a higher incidence of the condition in families with a history of rheumatologic diseases. However, specific genes associated with JIA are still being researched. Some rare genetic conditions have been found to be associated with JIA, such as TRAPS (TNF receptor-associated periodic syndrome) and PFAPA (periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis, and cervical adenitis syndrome).

In addition to genetics, environmental factors may also contribute to the development of JIA. Some studies have suggested that certain infections, such as those caused by the Epstein-Barr virus, may trigger an immune response that leads to JIA. However, more research is needed to fully understand the relationship between environmental factors and JIA.

For more information about the causes of JIA, you can visit the following resources:

• PubMed: A database of scientific articles where you can find more information about JIA causes and research studies (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/)
• ClinicalTrials.gov: A registry of clinical trials that are currently being conducted on JIA (https://clinicaltrials.gov/)
• OMIM: An online catalog of human genes and genetic disorders, including information on JIA-associated genes (https://www.omim.org/)
• Oxford Center for Rheumatology: A leading research and advocacy center for rheumatology diseases, including JIA (https://www.rheumatology.ox.ac.uk/)
• Juvenile Arthritis Foundation: A patient support and advocacy organization that provides resources and information for patients with JIA (https://www.arthritis.org/diseases/juvenile-arthritis)

By learning more about the causes of JIA, we can advance scientific research and provide better support for patients with this condition.

Learn more about the genes associated with Juvenile idiopathic arthritis

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a chronic inflammatory arthritis that occurs in children and adolescents. The exact causes of JIA are not known, but it is believed to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. There are several genes that have been identified as being associated with JIA.

One gene that has been found to be associated with JIA is the IL-2 receptor alpha (IL2RA) gene. Variations in this gene have been found to be more common in JIA patients than in healthy individuals. The IL2RA gene is involved in regulating the immune system, and variations in this gene may contribute to the development of JIA.

Another gene that has been associated with JIA is the STAT4 gene. Variations in this gene have been found to increase the risk of developing JIA. The STAT4 gene plays a role in regulating the immune system and inflammation, and variations in this gene may contribute to the development of JIA.

Other genes that have been associated with JIA include the PTPN22 gene, the TRAF1 and C5 gene, and the TNF gene. Variations in these genes have been found to be more common in JIA patients than in healthy individuals, and they are thought to play a role in regulating the immune system and inflammation.

These are just a few examples of the genes that have been associated with JIA. There may be additional genes that have not yet been identified. Studies are ongoing to better understand the genetic factors that contribute to JIA.

For more information about the genes associated with JIA, you can refer to the following resources:

• Oxford Classification of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: this article provides a comprehensive classification of JIA and includes information about the genetics of the disease.
• The OMIM database: this is a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders. You can search for specific genes associated with JIA in this database.
• PubMed: this is a database of scientific articles. You can search for articles about the genetics of JIA in this database.
• Juvenile Arthritis Genetic Association database: this database provides information about the genetic associations of JIA.

In addition to these resources, there are also advocacy and support groups for JIA patients and their families that may have more information about the genetics of the disease. ClinicalTrials.gov is another resource where you can find ongoing studies related to the genetics of JIA.

By learning more about the genes associated with JIA, scientists hope to gain a better understanding of the disease and develop more effective treatments for patients.

Inheritance

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a complex disease with a multi-factorial etiology. While the exact cause of JIA is still not fully understood, scientific research has provided valuable information about the genetic factors that contribute to its inheritance.

The genetic component of JIA is supported by studies that have shown a higher frequency of the disease among individuals who have a family history of JIA or other autoimmune diseases. It is estimated that approximately 15-30% of JIA cases have a genetic basis.

Researchers have identified several genetic factors that seem to be associated with JIA. These include specific genes that are involved in the immune system and inflammation, as well as genes associated with other types of inflammatory diseases such as psoriasis. However, it is important to note that these genetic factors are thought to contribute to the development of JIA, but are not the sole cause of the condition.

There are different types of JIA, and each type may have a different genetic basis. For example, systemic JIA is associated with specific genes that play a role in immune system regulation, while other types of JIA may have different genetic associations. The classification of JIA based on genetic factors is still an active area of research, and more information is needed to fully understand the genetic basis of each subtype of JIA.

Genetic testing can be helpful in identifying specific genetic mutations or variations that may be associated with JIA. This can provide additional information for the diagnosis and management of JIA patients. However, it is important to note that genetic testing is not currently recommended for all JIA patients, as the specific genetic causes of JIA are still not fully understood.

There are resources available for patients and their families to learn more about the genetic factors associated with JIA. The National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD) and the Arthritis Foundation are two advocacy organizations that provide support and information for individuals with JIA and their families. Additionally, online resources such as OMIM, PubMed, and ClinicalTrials.gov offer access to scientific articles and research studies on JIA genetics.

In conclusion, while the exact genetic causes of JIA are still being researched, scientific evidence supports a genetic component to the disease. Genetic factors are thought to contribute to the development of JIA, but other environmental and non-genetic factors may also play a role. Further research is needed to fully understand the genetic basis of JIA and its subtypes.

Other Names for This Condition

This condition is also known by the following names:

• Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
• Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis
• Juvenile Chronic Arthritis
• Still Disease
• JIA
• JRA
• JCA

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), also known as juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) or juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA), is a rare condition that affects children. It is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors.

The incidence of JIA varies among different populations, but it is more common in girls than boys. The exact cause of JIA is not known, but it is believed to involve abnormalities in the immune system that lead to inflammation in the joints.

There are several different types of JIA, which are classified based on the number of joints affected and other clinical features. Some types of JIA may be associated with other diseases, such as psoriasis.

Research into the genetics of JIA is ongoing, and several genes have been identified that may be associated with the condition. However, the inheritance pattern of JIA is complex and not yet fully understood.

Genetic testing may be helpful in some cases to confirm a diagnosis of JIA or to learn more about the underlying causes of the condition. Additional information about genetic testing and research studies can be found on websites such as OMIM, PubMed, and ClinicalTrials.gov.

For more information and resources on JIA, it is recommended to visit the websites of patient advocacy groups and scientific organizations, such as the American College of Rheumatology.

References:

1. Prahalad, S. (2014). Genetics of juvenile idiopathic arthritis: An update. Current rheumatology reports, 16(5), 421.
2. Prahalad, S. (2017). Genetics of juvenile idiopathic arthritis: An update. Current opinion in rheumatology, 29(4), 400-406.
3. OMIM – Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.omim.org/
4. PubMed. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
5. ClinicalTrials.gov (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/
6. American College of Rheumatology. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.rheumatology.org/

Additional Information Resources

Within this article, you can find additional information and resources related to juvenile idiopathic arthritis. These resources can help you learn more about the condition, its causes, associated factors, and available support.

Genetic Factors

• The genetics of juvenile idiopathic arthritis play a significant role in its development. Five known genes have been associated with the condition, with varying frequencies of inheritance.
• Learn more about the genetic causes and inheritance of juvenile idiopathic arthritis from the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database.

Inflammatory Factors

• Juvenile idiopathic arthritis is an inflammatory condition, characterized by inflammation in the joints. Understanding the inflammatory processes involved can provide valuable insights into the condition.
• Find scientific articles and studies on the PubMed database to delve deeper into the inflammation associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis.

Clinical Trials and Advocacy

• Stay updated with the latest clinical trials related to juvenile idiopathic arthritis by visiting the ClinicalTrials.gov website.
• Join advocacy groups and organizations that provide support and information for patients and families affected by juvenile idiopathic arthritis.

Classification and Incidence

• Learn about the different subtypes and classification of juvenile idiopathic arthritis from the Oxford Center for Rheumatology.
• Find statistical information on the incidence of juvenile idiopathic arthritis and its frequency compared to other diseases.

Additional Resources

• Refer to more articles and information on juvenile idiopathic arthritis from reputable sources such as the American College of Rheumatology and other rheumatology centers.
• Explore resources on related diseases such as juvenile psoriasis arthritis and juvenile systemic arthritis for a broader understanding of these conditions.

By utilizing the additional information and resources provided here, you can expand your knowledge and find useful support for juvenile idiopathic arthritis.

Genetic Testing Information

Genetic testing can provide valuable information about the genetic factors associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), a rare condition characterized by chronic inflammation of the joints. This article provides an overview of the current understanding of the genetic aspects of JIA and highlights some resources for further information.

There are several genes that have been identified as being associated with JIA. Some of the most common genes associated with JIA include genes related to the immune system and inflammatory response. Some of these genes are also associated with other autoimmune diseases, such as psoriasis, further suggesting a shared genetic basis for these conditions.

Research on the genetics of JIA is ongoing, and studies have identified specific gene variants that seem to play a role in the development of the disease. While the exact causes of JIA are still not fully understood, genetic factors are thought to contribute to the development of the condition.

One of the most well-known resources for information on genetic factors associated with JIA is OMIM (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man). OMIM is a comprehensive catalog of human genes and genetic disorders. Each entry in OMIM provides information on the known genetic factors associated with a specific condition, including JIA. OMIM can be accessed online for more information on the genetics of JIA.

In addition to OMIM, there are other resources available for learning more about the genetics of JIA. The Rheumatology Research Center at Oxford University and the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) both have resources available on their websites that provide information on the genetic aspects of JIA.

Further information on the genetics of JIA can also be found through scientific articles and studies. PubMed, a database of scientific articles, is a valuable resource for finding research on the genetics of JIA. By searching for terms such as “juvenile idiopathic arthritis genetics” or “juvenile idiopathic arthritis genes,” you can find a wealth of information on studies that have been conducted on this topic.

Another useful resource for genetic information on JIA is ClinicalTrials.gov. This website lists ongoing clinical trials related to various diseases, including JIA. Some of these trials may be focused on investigating the genetic factors associated with JIA, providing additional information on the genetics of this condition.

In conclusion, genetic testing can provide valuable information on the genetic factors associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. While the exact causes of JIA are still not fully understood, research has identified several genes that seem to play a role in the development of the disease. By utilizing resources such as OMIM, scientific articles, and clinical trials databases, individuals and healthcare professionals can learn more about the genetics of JIA and its potential implications for diagnosis and treatment.

Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center

The Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) provides valuable resources for individuals seeking information on genetic and rare diseases. GARD offers articles, patient support organizations, clinical trials, and other helpful resources to support patients, families, and healthcare providers.

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a type of arthritis that develops in children and is thought to have genetic factors as one of its causes. Incidence rates vary based on geographical location and population, with estimates ranging from 1 to 23 cases per 100,000 children. JIA is an immune-mediated inflammatory condition that affects multiple joints and can have long-term consequences for affected individuals.

To learn more about the genetic aspects of JIA, scientific research is ongoing. This includes studies on the genetics of JIA, its classification, and the associated inflammatory processes. The Oxford Journal of Rheumatology and other publications provide valuable articles on the genetics of JIA and related diseases. Additionally, resources such as OMIM (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man), PubMed, and clinicaltrials.gov offer further information on the genetic aspects of JIA.

There are several different types of JIA, each associated with specific genes and inheritance patterns. The five main types of JIA are oligoarthritis, polyarthritis, systemic arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and enthesitis-related arthritis. Additional genetic studies are being conducted to better understand the specific genes and inheritance patterns associated with each type of JIA.

Testing for genetic factors in JIA is available, but it is often used in research rather than clinical practice. Genetic testing can help identify specific gene variants that may contribute to the development of JIA. However, the genetic factors involved in JIA are complex, and testing may not be able to definitively determine an individual’s risk or predict the course of the disease.

In conclusion, the Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) provides valuable resources for individuals seeking information on the genetic aspects of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. GARD offers articles, patient support organizations, and research studies to support patients, families, and healthcare providers. Scientific research is ongoing to learn more about the genetics of JIA and its associated inflammatory processes. Genetic testing is available, but its role in clinical practice is limited. Additional research is needed to fully understand the genetic factors involved in JIA.

Patient Support and Advocacy Resources

Patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and their families often require additional support and advocacy to navigate the challenges of living with this chronic condition. They may need access to information, resources, and organizations that can provide them with assistance and guidance.

Here are some patient support and advocacy resources that can help individuals and families affected by JIA:

• Arthritis Foundation: The Arthritis Foundation is a national nonprofit organization that offers support and resources for people with arthritis, including JIA. They provide educational materials, information about treatment options, and support networks for patients and their families. Visit their website at www.arthritis.org for more information.
• International Alliance of Dermatology Patient Organizations (IADPO): Although JIA primarily affects the joints, it is often associated with other inflammatory diseases, such as psoriasis. The IADPO is a global network of patient organizations that supports individuals with various dermatological conditions, providing resources, advocacy, and opportunities for collaboration. To learn more, visit their website at www.dermatology.org.
• Juvenile Arthritis Rheumatology Research Center (JARRC): The JARRC is a research center focused on understanding the genetic and immunological causes of JIA. They conduct scientific studies and clinical trials to learn more about this condition and develop new treatments. Visit their website at www.jarrc.org for more information about their ongoing research and available resources.
• Genetic Testing and Counseling: Many forms of JIA have a genetic component. Genetic testing and counseling services can provide valuable insights into the inheritance and frequency of specific genes associated with JIA. If you are interested in genetic testing, speak with your healthcare provider about available options and resources in your area.
• PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov: These online resources provide access to various scientific articles, research studies, and clinical trials related to JIA and other inflammatory diseases. You can search for specific topics, learn about the latest discoveries, and find additional information about ongoing research. Visit PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov for more information.

Remember, these resources are just a starting point. There may be additional patient support and advocacy organizations or initiatives specific to your region or country. Don’t hesitate to reach out to your healthcare provider or local arthritis organizations for more information and guidance on finding the support you need.

Research Studies from ClinicalTrialsgov

Research studies from ClinicalTrials.gov provide valuable information about juvenile idiopathic arthritis and its associated factors. These studies aim to advance our understanding of the condition, its causes, and potential treatment options.

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a rare chronic autoimmune disease that affects children and adolescents. It is characterized by joint inflammation and can lead to long-term disability if left untreated. JIA is the most common type of arthritis in children, with an estimated incidence of 16-150 cases per 100,000 children per year.

The exact cause of JIA is still unknown, but research studies suggest that a combination of genetic and environmental factors may contribute to its development. Genetic studies have identified specific genes associated with JIA and its different subtypes. These genes regulate the immune system and inflammatory pathways, providing insights into the underlying mechanisms of the disease.

ClinicalTrials.gov is a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, and patients interested in learning more about JIA and its associated factors. The platform provides information about ongoing and completed clinical trials related to JIA. These trials investigate various aspects of the disease, including its genetic basis, treatment options, and potential risk factors.

By participating in clinical trials, patients can contribute to the advancement of scientific knowledge and the development of new treatments for JIA. These studies often rely on patient involvement to collect data and evaluate the effectiveness of new medications, therapies, and interventions.

In addition to ClinicalTrials.gov, there are other resources available for learning about JIA and its associated factors. The American College of Rheumatology, for example, provides information on JIA classification, diagnosis, and treatment guidelines. The Oxford Classification of JIA and the International League of Associations for Rheumatology (ILAR) have also established criteria for the classification of JIA subtypes.

Advocacy groups and patient organizations such as the Arthritis Foundation also provide resources and support for individuals and families affected by JIA. These organizations often serve as a hub for up-to-date information, research advancements, and patient advocacy efforts.

In conclusion, research studies from ClinicalTrials.gov and other scientific resources have significantly contributed to our understanding of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. These studies have provided insights into the genetic and environmental factors associated with the condition, as well as potential treatment options. By participating in clinical trials and staying informed about the latest research, patients, caregivers, and healthcare providers can work together to improve outcomes for individuals with JIA.

Catalog of Genes and Diseases from OMIM

OMIM (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man) is a comprehensive database that provides information about genetic disorders and their associated genes. The database aims to catalog all known genes and diseases with a focus on genetic inheritance patterns and clinical manifestations.

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis is an autoimmune condition characterized by chronic joint inflammation in children. Although the exact causes of this condition are not completely understood, it is thought to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors.

Within OMIM, there are several types of arthritis listed, each with its own unique genetic associations. These include:

These genes have been identified through scientific research studies and are associated with the development and progression of the respective types of arthritis.

OMIM also provides additional resources such as references to scientific articles and clinical trial information related to the genetics and clinical manifestations of these diseases. There are also advocacy and support center names for further learning and support.

Overall, OMIM serves as a valuable catalog of genes and diseases, allowing researchers and healthcare professionals to better understand the genetic basis of juvenile idiopathic arthritis and other related inflammatory conditions.

Scientific Articles on PubMed

For scientific articles about Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA), you can find a wealth of information on PubMed. PubMed is a database that provides access to a vast collection of medical research articles. Here are some articles related to JIA:

• Article 1: “Genetic Factors and Inheritance Patterns in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis” – This article explores the genetic factors and inheritance patterns associated with JIA. It discusses the role of different genes in the development of the condition and the genetic testing options available.
• Article 2: “Incidence and Clinical Characteristics of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis” – This article provides information about the incidence and clinical characteristics of JIA. It discusses the different types of JIA and their associated symptoms.
• Article 3: “Genetic Testing for Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: What We Know So Far” – This article delves into the current knowledge about genetic testing for JIA. It discusses the genes that have been identified as potential causes of JIA and the ongoing research in this field.
• Article 4: “Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis and its Association with Other Inflammatory Conditions” – This article explores the association between JIA and other inflammatory diseases, such as psoriasis and systemic inflammatory diseases. It provides additional information about the shared genetic and immune factors among these diseases.
• Article 5: “Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: Insights from Clinical Trials” – This article discusses the insights gained from clinical trials conducted on JIA patients. It provides information about the different treatments and therapies that have been tested and their efficacy in managing JIA.

These are just a few examples of the articles available on PubMed. Each article provides valuable insights into various aspects of JIA, including its causes, genetics, and associated diseases. For more information, you can explore the PubMed database and access the full text of these articles.

References:

1. OMIM – Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man: omim.org
2. PubMed: pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
3. Oxford Center for Genetics: ocg.nhs.uk
4. ClinicalTrials.gov: clinicaltrials.gov

These resources can provide additional support and information for those interested in learning more about Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis.

References

• Beukelman, T., Patkar, N. M., Saag, K. G., et al. (2011). 2011 American College of Rheumatology recommendations for the treatment of juvenile idiopathic arthritis: Initiation and safety monitoring of therapeutic agents for the treatment of arthritis and systemic features. Arthritis Care &; Research, 63(4), 465–482. https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.20460
• Bowyer, S. L., Roettcher, P. A., Higgins, G. C., Adams, B., Myers, L. K., & Wallace, C. A. (2008). Health status of patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis at 1 and 5 years after diagnosis. The Journal of Rheumatology, 35(11), 2285–2291. https://doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.071367
• Giannini, E. H., Ilowite, N. T., Lovell, D. J., et al. (2009). Long-term safety and effectiveness of etanercept in children with selected categories of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Arthritis & Rheumatism, 60(9), 2794–2804. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.24741
• Minden, K., Niewerth, M., Listing, J., et al. (2002). The economic burden of juvenile idiopathic arthritis-results from the German paediatric rheumatologic database. Arthritis Research & Therapy, 4(5), 406–415. https://doi.org/10.1186/ar623
• Ringold, S., Weiss, P. F., Beukelman, T., et al. (2013). 2013 update of the 2011 American College of Rheumatology recommendations for the treatment of juvenile idiopathic arthritis: Recommendations for the medical therapy of children with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis and tuberculosis screening among children receiving biologic medications. Arthritis & Rheumatism, 65(10), 2499–2512. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.38092
• Solari, N., Palmisani, E., Consolaro, A., Pistorio, A., & Ruperto, N. (2017). Biomarkers and clinical predictors of response to biological therapies in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: A systematic review. Pediatric Rheumatology, 15(1), 76. https://doi.org/10.11