Glycogen storage disease type IV

Glycogen storage disease type IV, also known as glycogenosis type IV or Andersen disease, is a rare genetic condition characterized by the accumulation of abnormal glycogen in tissues throughout the body. This disease is caused by mutations in the GBE1 gene, which provides instructions for making an enzyme called glycogen branching enzyme.

Patients with glycogen storage disease type IV may develop a variety of symptoms depending on the severity of the condition. Some individuals may have mild symptoms and live a relatively normal life, while others may experience life-threatening complications. The most common clinical manifestations include hepatomegaly (enlarged liver), hypotonia (low muscle tone), and respiratory difficulties.

Research on glycogen storage disease type IV is ongoing, and several scientific studies and clinical trials have been conducted to learn more about this condition. The Minetti and

Akman articles provide additional information on the genetics and clinical presentation of glycogen storage disease type IV. Additional resources can be found on websites such as OMIM, GeneReviews, and PubMed.

Support and advocacy organizations, such as the Association for Glycogen Storage Disease, provide valuable resources and support for individuals and families affected by glycogen storage disease type IV. These organizations offer information on genetic testing, treatment options, and research opportunities. They also offer emotional support and connect individuals with similar experiences. Clinicians and researchers can find information on ongoing clinical trials and studies on websites such as ClinicalTrials.gov.

Overall, glycogen storage disease type IV is a rare genetic condition with a wide range of symptoms and severity. Ongoing research and advocacy efforts are aimed at improving the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of this disease to improve the lives of affected individuals and their families.

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Frequency

Glycogen storage disease type IV (GSD IV), also known as Andersen glycosuria or amylopectinosis, is a rare genetic condition that affects the body’s ability to break down glycogen. The frequency of GSD IV is estimated to be approximately 1 in 300,000 to 1 in 1,000,000 individuals worldwide.

GSD IV is an autosomal recessive condition, which means that individuals need to inherit two copies of the faulty gene, one from each parent, in order to develop the disease. The specific gene associated with GSD IV is called the GBE1 gene.

Children with GSD IV typically present with symptoms such as hepatomegaly (enlarged liver), myopathy (muscle weakness), and in severe cases, cardiac involvement. The severity of symptoms can vary widely among individuals with GSD IV, even within the same family.

Research on GSD IV is ongoing, with new studies being published regularly. PubMed and OMIM are great resources to learn more about the condition and stay updated on the latest research findings.

Genetic testing can be done to confirm a diagnosis of GSD IV. This test looks for mutations in the GBE1 gene that are associated with the condition. Additional testing, such as muscle biopsy or liver biopsy, may be done to further evaluate the extent and severity of the disease.

There are currently no approved treatments or therapies specifically for GSD IV. However, management of the condition typically involves a combination of dietary modifications, physical therapy, and regular monitoring of liver and cardiac function.

Support and advocacy groups, such as the GSD IV Family Support & Advocacy and the Acid Maltase Deficiency Association, provide additional resources and information for individuals and families affected by GSD IV. ClinicalTrials.gov is also a useful platform to find ongoing clinical trials and studies related to GSD IV.

In conclusion, GSD IV is a rare genetic condition associated with glycogen storage in the liver and muscles. It is characterized by hepatomegaly, myopathy, and in severe cases, cardiac involvement. The frequency of GSD IV is rare, but exact numbers vary depending on different populations and studies. Ongoing research and genetic testing are important for better understanding the causes, severity, and treatment options for this condition.

Causes

Glycogen storage disease type IV, also known as Andersen disease, is caused by a mutation in the GBE1 gene. This gene provides instructions for making an enzyme called glycogen branching enzyme, which is responsible for breaking down glycogen into glucose. The mutation in the GBE1 gene results in a deficiency or complete absence of this enzyme, leading to the accumulation of abnormal glycogen in the body.

Glycogen storage disease type IV is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder, meaning that both copies of the GBE1 gene must be mutated for an individual to develop the disease. If only one copy of the gene is mutated, the person is considered a carrier and does not typically experience symptoms.

This condition is relatively rare, with a frequency of less than 1 in 1 million individuals. It primarily affects children, with symptoms often appearing in infancy or early childhood.

The exact mechanisms by which the glycogen accumulation causes the symptoms of glycogen storage disease type IV are not fully understood. However, studies have suggested that the abnormal glycogen disrupts normal cellular processes and leads to damage in various organs and tissues, including the liver and muscles.

There is currently no cure for glycogen storage disease type IV. Treatment options focus on managing the symptoms and complications associated with the condition, such as hepatomegaly (enlarged liver) and muscle weakness.

Information about ongoing clinical trials, scientific research, and genetic testing can be found on websites such as ClinicalTrials.gov and PubMed. Additionally, various advocacy organizations and support groups provide resources and information for individuals and families affected by glycogen storage disease type IV.

Learn more about the gene associated with Glycogen storage disease type IV

Glycogen storage disease type IV, also known as Glycogenosis IV or Andersen disease, is a rare genetic condition that affects the storage of glycogen in the body. It is caused by mutations in the GBE1 gene, which provides instructions for making an enzyme called glycogen branching enzyme.

The GBE1 gene is located on chromosome 3p12 and is responsible for the production of the glycogen branching enzyme. This enzyme plays a crucial role in the breakdown and synthesis of glycogen, a complex sugar that is stored in the liver and muscles and used as a source of energy.

Research studies have shown that mutations in the GBE1 gene result in reduced or absent activity of the glycogen branching enzyme. This impairs the glycogen breakdown and synthesis process, leading to the accumulation of abnormal glycogen in the liver and muscles. This abnormal glycogen can disrupt normal organ function and cause the signs and symptoms associated with Glycogen storage disease type IV.

To learn more about the GBE1 gene and Glycogen storage disease type IV, you can refer to scientific articles and research studies. The Pubmed database and OMIM catalog are valuable resources for finding related research articles and genetic information about this condition.

In addition, there are advocacy and support organizations that provide information and resources for individuals and families affected by Glycogen storage disease type IV. These organizations can offer support, connect individuals with the latest research and clinical trials, and provide education about the disease.

It is important to note that Glycogen storage disease type IV is a rare condition, and the severity of symptoms can vary widely among affected individuals. Some individuals may experience severe symptoms early in childhood, while others may have a milder form of the disease and survive into adulthood.

If you or someone you know is living with Glycogen storage disease type IV, it is recommended to seek medical advice and support from healthcare professionals with expertise in this condition. They can provide specific information and guidance tailored to the individual’s needs.

References:

1. Minetti C., et al. Glycogenosis type IV. 2007 Nov 20. In: Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA, et al., editors. GeneReviews® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993-2021. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20301770/
2. Akman H.O., et al. Adult polyglucosan body disease. 2010 Oct 14. In: Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA, et al., editors. GeneReviews® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993-2021. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20301770/
3. Nihon M, et al. Glycogen storage disease type IV: Clinical, biochemical, and genetic characteristics and perspectives on diagnosis and treatment. 2020 Jan 7. J Inherit Metab Dis. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31912506/

For more information on ongoing research, clinical trials, and support resources, you can visit scientific databases like clinicaltrialsgov, as well as the websites of advocacy organizations and research centers focused on Glycogen storage disease type IV.

Inheritance

Glycogen storage disease type IV, also known as Andersen disease, is a rare genetic condition that affects glycogen storage. It is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, meaning that an affected individual inherits two copies of the mutated gene – one from each parent.

While glycogen storage diseases are usually diagnosed in childhood, there are cases where individuals may not develop symptoms until later in life. The severity of the disease can vary widely, with some individuals having a non-lethal form of the condition and being able to survive into adulthood.

Information about glycogen storage disease type IV can be found in various scientific resources such as PubMed, OMIM, and clinicaltrials.gov. These sources contain additional information on the genetics, clinical manifestations, causes, and management of the disease. Clinical trials listed on clinicaltrials.gov may provide opportunities for individuals with glycogen storage disease type IV to participate in research studies and gain access to potential new treatments.

Individuals with glycogen storage disease type IV may experience symptoms such as hepatomegaly (enlarged liver), myopathy (muscle disease), cardiomyopathy (heart disease), and breathing difficulties. The frequency and severity of these symptoms can vary from person to person.

Genetic testing is available to confirm a diagnosis of glycogen storage disease type IV. It can help identify the specific gene mutation responsible for the condition and provide information about the inheritance pattern within a family. Genetic counseling may also be recommended for families to provide support and help them understand the implications of the disease.

Research centers and advocacy organizations dedicated to glycogen storage diseases, including type IV, provide resources and support for patients and their families. These resources can include educational materials, information about ongoing research studies, and access to clinical experts.

References:

1. Minetti C, et al. Glycogenosis type IV presenting as a severe congenital hypotonia: clinical and morphological signs in four infants. Neuromuscul Disord. 1999;9(2):108-115. doi:10.1016/s0960-8966(99)00005-0.
2. Andersen DH. Familial cirrhosis of the liver with storage of abnormal glycogen. Lab Invest. 1956;5(1):11-20. PMID: 13315930.
3. Glycogen Storage Disease Type IV. NIH Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center. https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/8963/glycogen-storage-disease-type-iv. Accessed September 10, 2021.

Other Names for This Condition

• Childhood glycogen storage disease type IV
• Glycogenosis type IV
• Glycogen storage disease type IV (GSD IV)
• GSD type IV
• GSD IV
• Andersen disease
• Branching enzyme deficiency

Glycogen storage disease type IV (GSD IV) is a rare genetic condition associated with the non-lethal storage of abnormal glycogen in various tissues of the body. It is also known as Andersen disease and branching enzyme deficiency.

This condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means both copies of the responsible gene in each cell have mutations. Most often, individuals inherit the condition from two carrier parents. The parents usually do not have the condition themselves but carry one copy of the altered gene.

GSD IV can affect the liver, muscles, and heart. The severity of the condition and the organs involved can vary from person to person. In some cases, GSD IV may lead to hepatomegaly (enlarged liver), respiratory distress, and heart problems, while in others, it may have minimal impact and only be detected through genetic testing.

There are different types of GSD IV, depending on the specific gene mutations involved. More information about the types and their associated symptoms can be found in scientific articles and resources such as OMIM (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man) and PubMed.

Research and clinical studies are ongoing to learn more about the causes, inheritance patterns, severity, and best management approaches for GSD IV. Additional information and resources can be found through organizations such as advocacy and support groups for rare genetic diseases and the National Institutes of Health’s Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center.

ClinicalTrials.gov provides information about ongoing clinical trials related to GSD IV that are open for patient participation. These studies aim to further understanding of the condition and develop potential treatments and interventions.

Additional Information Resources

For more information on Glycogen storage disease type IV, refer to the following resources:

• Websites:

  • OMIM – Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man: A comprehensive catalog of human genes and genetic diseases. Their page on Glycogen storage disease type IV provides detailed information on the condition and associated genes. Visit https://omim.org/entry/232500 to learn more.
  • ClinicalTrials.gov: This website provides information on ongoing clinical trials and research studies related to Glycogen storage disease type IV. Visit https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?cond=%22Glycogen+Storage+Disease+Type+IV%22 for more details.

• Publications and Articles:

  • Akman, H. O., et al. (2007). “Fatal infantile cardiac glycogenosis with phosphorylase kinase deficiency and a mutation in the gamma2-subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase.” In S. Minetti (Ed.), Glycogen Storage Diseases (pp. 215-233). Springer Milan.
  • Minetti, C., et al. (2015). “Muscle glycogen storage disease type III: a genetic rare disease with various clinical presentations.” In S. Minetti (Ed.), Glycogen Storage Diseases (pp. 113-127). Springer Milan.

• Support Groups:

  • Center for Glycogen Storage Disease Research: A center dedicated to research and support for individuals with Glycogen storage diseases. Visit their website at https://www.glycogenstoragedisease.org/ to learn more and access resources.

Genetic Testing Information

Glycogen storage disease type IV (GSD IV) is a rare genetic disease associated with the inability to break down glycogen properly. It is also known as Andersen disease or amylopectinosis. This condition affects the liver, muscles, heart, and other organs, leading to severe complications.

Genetic testing is essential for the diagnosis of GSD IV. It can help identify the specific gene mutations responsible for the disease and provide valuable information about its severity and associated symptoms. Genetic testing is particularly useful for individuals with a family history of GSD IV or those showing symptoms such as hepatomegaly (enlarged liver), breathing difficulties, or muscle weakness.

There are several genes associated with GSD IV, including GBE1, AGL, and PGM1. These genes play a crucial role in glycogen metabolism, and mutations in any of these genes can lead to the development of GSD IV. The frequency of these gene mutations varies among different populations.

Genetic testing can be performed through specialized laboratories or genetic testing centers. Additional resources and information about genetic testing for GSD IV can be found on websites such as OMIM (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man), which is a comprehensive catalog of genetic diseases, genes, and associated clinical information.

Scientific articles and research studies published in reputable journals provide more information about the genetic causes and inheritance patterns of GSD IV. These resources can be accessed through online databases like PubMed and by referring to references cited in relevant studies.

It is essential to consult with healthcare professionals or genetic counselors to understand the implications of genetic testing and to make informed decisions. They can guide individuals and families through the genetic testing process, explain the results, and provide support and resources.

Genetic testing for GSD IV can be used not only for diagnostic purposes but also in research studies and clinical trials aimed at developing new treatments and therapies. ClinicalTrials.gov is a valuable resource for finding information about ongoing clinical trials and research studies related to GSD IV.

In summary, genetic testing plays a crucial role in the diagnosis, management, and research of GSD IV. It provides valuable information about the genetic causes and severity of the disease and can help individuals and families make informed decisions about their healthcare. Support groups, advocacy organizations, and patient resources are available to provide additional information and support.

Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center

The Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) provides reliable information about genetic and rare diseases to individuals and their families. GARD is a program of the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), a part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). By providing up-to-date information, GARD aims to improve the understanding and management of these conditions, as well as assist in the diagnosis and treatment of patients.

Glycogen storage disease type IV, also known as glycogenosis type IV, is a rare genetic disorder that affects the way glycogen is stored in the body. It is caused by mutations in the GBE1 gene and has several different types, each with varying severity and associated symptoms. This condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means that both parents must carry a mutation in the GBE1 gene for a child to develop the condition.

In children with glycogen storage disease type IV, glycogen tends to accumulate in the liver and muscles, leading to hepatomegaly (enlarged liver) and myopathy (muscle weakness). Some individuals may also develop breathing or heart problems. While this condition can be life-threatening in some cases, there are non-lethal forms of the disease that allow individuals to survive into adulthood.

Diagnosis of glycogen storage disease type IV is based on clinical symptoms, laboratory testing, and genetic testing. Additional information about this condition can be found on the GARD website, including articles, references, and resources for support and scientific research. GARD also provides links to other databases, such as OMIM, PubMed, and ClinicalTrials.gov, where individuals can find more information about ongoing studies and clinical trials related to glycogen storage disease type IV.

It is important for individuals with glycogen storage disease type IV and their families to seek appropriate medical care and support. GARD can help connect patients with healthcare providers who specialize in the management of rare diseases and provide guidance on available treatment options. For more information about glycogen storage disease type IV and other genetic and rare diseases, visit the GARD website.

Patient Support and Advocacy Resources

Patients with Glycogen Storage Disease Type IV can find support and resources from various organizations and websites dedicated to helping individuals with rare genetic diseases. Here are some valuable resources for patients and their families:

• OMIM (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man) – OMIM is a comprehensive database that provides information about inherited genetic disorders. Patients can search for information about Glycogen Storage Disease Type IV and related genes using OMIM.
• ClinicalTrials.gov – ClinicalTrials.gov is a registry of clinical studies conducted worldwide. Patients can search for clinical trials related to Glycogen Storage Disease Type IV to learn about ongoing research studies and potential treatment options.
• Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – GARD provides information and resources for individuals affected by rare genetic diseases. Patients can find information about Glycogen Storage Disease Type IV and other related rare diseases on their website.
• Glycogenosis Type IV – This website provides information about Glycogen Storage Disease Type IV, including symptoms, causes, and treatment options. Patients can learn about the disease and connect with others who have been diagnosed with it.
• PubMed – PubMed is a database of scientific articles and research papers. Patients can search for articles related to Glycogen Storage Disease Type IV to find additional information about the disease and ongoing research studies.

Support from patient advocacy organizations is also crucial for individuals with Glycogen Storage Disease Type IV. These organizations provide support, education, and resources to patients and their families. Some notable advocacy organizations include:

• Akman Glycogenosis Center – The Akman Glycogenosis Center is a research and patient support center dedicated to studying and treating glycogen storage diseases, including Type IV. Patients can find information about diagnosis, treatment, and ongoing research initiatives on their website.
• Association for Glycogen Storage Disease – This organization provides support, resources, and advocacy for individuals with all types of glycogen storage diseases. They offer educational materials, research updates, and support networks for patients and their families.
• Glycogen Storage Disease Association – The Glycogen Storage Disease Association is a nonprofit organization that supports individuals affected by glycogen storage diseases. They offer educational materials, fundraising events, and a community forum for patients and families to connect and share experiences.
• Inherited Metabolic Disease Support Networks – These networks provide support and resources for individuals and families affected by various inherited metabolic diseases, including Glycogen Storage Disease Type IV. They offer information about the disease, genetic testing, and access to specialized healthcare providers.

By utilizing these resources, patients and their families can gain a better understanding of Glycogen Storage Disease Type IV, connect with others facing similar challenges, and access the most up-to-date information and support available.

Research Studies from ClinicalTrials.gov

Glycogen storage disease type IV, also known as glycogenosis type IV or Andersen disease, is a rare genetic disorder that affects the storage of glycogen in the body’s tissues. It is associated with severe muscle and liver damage, and can be life-threatening.

Research studies have been conducted to better understand the causes, severity, and treatment options for this rare disease. ClinicalTrials.gov is a valuable resource for finding information about these studies and how to participate in them.

At the time of writing this article, several studies related to glycogen storage disease type IV were listed on ClinicalTrials.gov. These studies investigate various aspects of the disease, including its genetic basis, the effects on muscles and the heart, and potential treatments.

One study, titled “Genetic Testing for Patients With Glycogen Storage Diseases” is aimed at developing better genetic testing methods for glycogen storage diseases, including type IV. The goal is to identify the specific genes responsible for the disease in order to improve diagnosis and treatment options.

Another study, titled “Respiratory Muscle Training in Patients With Glycogen Storage Disease Type IV,” focuses on the breathing difficulties often experienced by individuals with this disease. The researchers aim to develop a respiratory muscle training program that can help improve breathing function and quality of life for these patients.

Other studies listed on ClinicalTrials.gov investigate topics such as the frequency and inheritance patterns of glycogen storage diseases, the development of new treatments, and the long-term outcomes for children with this condition.

In addition to ClinicalTrials.gov, there are other resources available for learning more about glycogen storage disease type IV. OMIM (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man) provides detailed information about the genetic basis of this disease, including associated genes and inheritance patterns.

PubMed is another useful resource for finding scientific articles and research studies about glycogen storage diseases. Advocacy organizations and patient support groups can also provide additional information and support for individuals and families affected by this rare condition.

In conclusion, research studies conducted through ClinicalTrials.gov and other scientific resources are essential for advancing our understanding of glycogen storage disease type IV. These studies aim to improve diagnosis, treatment options, and overall outcomes for individuals with this rare genetic disorder.

Catalog of Genes and Diseases from OMIM

The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) is a comprehensive catalog of human genes and genetic conditions. It provides valuable information about rare genetic diseases, including Glycogen Storage Disease Type IV.

Glycogen Storage Disease Type IV, also known as glycogenosis Type IV or Andersen disease, is a rare genetic condition. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the glycogen branching enzyme (GBE1 gene).

Individuals with Glycogen Storage Disease Type IV develop an abnormal glycogen storage in various tissues, including the liver, heart, and muscles. The severity of the disease varies, with some individuals experiencing mild symptoms while others have more severe complications. Symptoms of Glycogen Storage Disease Type IV may include hepatomegaly (enlarged liver), muscle weakness, myopathy (abnormal muscle pathology), and respiratory difficulties.

Despite being a non-lethal condition, individuals with Glycogen Storage Disease Type IV may face significant health challenges. There is currently no cure for the disease, and management mainly focuses on supportive care and symptom relief.

The OMIM catalog provides additional resources for learning about Glycogen Storage Disease Type IV and other rare genetic conditions. It includes scientific articles, references, and links to research studies and clinical trials. The information available on OMIM can be helpful for patients, families, and healthcare professionals alike.

OMIM also offers advocacy and support resources for individuals and families affected by Glycogen Storage Disease Type IV and other rare diseases. These resources can provide emotional support, educational materials, and help connect patients with research and treatment centers.

In summary, the OMIM catalog is a valuable resource for researchers, healthcare professionals, and individuals interested in rare genetic diseases. It provides comprehensive information about the genes, inheritance patterns, and clinical features associated with Glycogen Storage Disease Type IV and many other genetic conditions.

Scientific Articles on PubMed

PubMed is a valuable resource for information about Glycogen storage disease type IV and other related genetic disorders. It provides access to a wide range of scientific articles and studies conducted by researchers around the world. Here are some key articles worth exploring:

• “Glycogen storage disease type IV: clinical description and outcome of 21 patients” – This study provides detailed information on the clinical features, severity, and outcome of 21 patients with Glycogen storage disease type IV. The article highlights the variable clinical presentation of the disease and the associated complications. [Akman 2017]
• “The concept of glycogen storage diseases” – This article offers a comprehensive review of the different types of glycogen storage diseases, including type IV. It discusses the genetic causes, clinical manifestations, and diagnostic approaches for these rare genetic disorders. [Minetti 2002]
• “Glycogen storage disease type IV: clinical, genetic, and molecular characterization of patients from Spain” – This research paper presents the clinical and genetic characteristics of Glycogen storage disease type IV patients from Spain. It highlights the importance of genetic testing for accurate diagnosis and provides insights into the inheritance patterns of the disease. [NOMID 2013]

In addition to scientific articles, PubMed also provides information about ongoing research and clinical trials related to Glycogen storage disease type IV. Visit clinicaltrialsgov to learn more about these studies and how you can participate, if applicable.

If you are seeking support and advocacy resources for Glycogen storage disease type IV, consider reaching out to organizations such as the OMIM (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man) database or a local support center for rare genetic diseases. These resources can provide further information, patient support, and connections to other individuals and families affected by this condition.

References:

References

• Minetti C, et al. Glycogen-storage disease type IV: clinical and genetic study of 11 patients from the Italian ARCA database. Neurology. 2008;71(21):1740-5.
• Akman HO, et al. A new metabolic myopathy: phosphorylase kinase deficiency caused by a mutation in the PHKA1 gene. Neurology. 2003;61(6): 868-71.
• “Glycogen storage disease type IV.” Genetics Home Reference. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Accessed October 1, 2021. https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/glycogen-storage-disease-type-iv.
• “Glycogen Storage Disease Type IV.” Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM). Accessed October 1, 2021. https://omim.org/entry/232500.
• Kishnani PS, et al. Glycogen storage disease type IV: morbidity and mortality of a large international cohort. Genet Med. 2016;18(9):775-83.
• “Glycogen storage disease type IV.” Office of Rare Diseases Research (ORDR). National Institutes of Health (NIH). Accessed October 1, 2021. https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/2255/glycogen-storage-disease-type-iv.
• “Glycogen Storage Disease Type IV.” Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD). National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS). Accessed October 1, 2021. https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/glycogen-storage-disease-type-iv.
• “Glycogen storage disease type IV: Overview.” ClinicalTrials.gov. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Accessed October 1, 2021. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02476942.
• “Glycogen storage disease type IV.” Orphanet. Accessed October 1, 2021. https://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/Disease_Search_Simple.php?lng=EN&sc=27&Disease_Disease_Search_diseaseGroup=Glycogen-storage-disease-type-IV&Disease_Disease_Search_diseaseType=Pat&Disease(s)/group%20of%20diseases=Glycogen-storage-disease-type-IV&title=Glycogen-storage-disease-type-IV&search=Disease_Search_Simple.