Glutaric acidemia type I is a rare genetic disorder that affects the body’s ability to break down certain proteins and fats. It is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase. This enzyme is necessary for the breakdown of certain amino acids, including lysine, hydroxylysine, and tryptophan. Without enough glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase, these amino acids and their byproducts can build up to toxic levels in the body, leading to a range of symptoms and complications.

Glutaric acidemia type I is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, meaning that a person must inherit two copies of the faulty gene, one from each parent, in order to develop the condition. The gene associated with glutaric acidemia type I is called GCDH and is located on chromosome 19. Mutations in this gene result in reduced or absent activity of the glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase enzyme, leading to the characteristic features of the condition.

Individuals with glutaric acidemia type I typically experience symptoms within the first few months of life, although onset can vary. The most common signs and symptoms include neurological abnormalities, such as dystonia (involuntary muscle contractions), hypotonia (low muscle tone), and intellectual disability. These neurological symptoms are thought to be caused by the toxic levels of glutaric acid and other organic acids that accumulate in the brain.

Diagnosis of glutaric acidemia type I is typically made through newborn screening, which measures the levels of certain substances in the blood shortly after birth. If the screening suggests a possible diagnosis of glutaric acidemia type I, additional testing is done to confirm the diagnosis. This may include genetic testing to identify mutations in the GCDH gene, as well as biochemical testing to measure the levels of organic acids in the urine and blood.

There is currently no cure for glutaric acidemia type I, but treatment focuses on managing symptoms and preventing complications. This may include a low-protein diet, which aims to reduce the production of the toxic organic acids. In some cases, dietary supplements or medications may also be used to help manage symptoms and improve overall health.

Research into glutaric acidemia type I is ongoing, with the aim of better understanding the underlying causes of the condition and developing new treatment options. This includes studying the genes and biochemical processes involved in glutaric acidemia type I, as well as conducting clinical trials to test potential treatments and interventions.

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For more information about glutaric acidemia type I, the following resources may be helpful:

• clinicaltrials.gov – a website that provides information about ongoing clinical trials
• Pubmed – a database of scientific articles
• OMIM – an online catalog of human genes and genetic disorders
• Genetic testing laboratories – these laboratories can provide information about specific genetic tests for glutaric acidemia type I
• Support and advocacy organizations – these organizations can provide support, information, and resources for individuals and families affected by glutaric acidemia type I

Overall, glutaric acidemia type I is a rare genetic condition that can cause significant neurological and developmental problems. Ongoing research and advances in genetic testing and treatment options offer hope for improved outcomes and quality of life for individuals with this condition.

Frequency

Glutaric acidemia type I (GA1) is a rare genetic disorder. It occurs worldwide, with a higher frequency in certain populations such as the Old Order Amish in the United States, the Mennonites in Canada, and the Roma population in Europe.

The exact frequency of GA1 is not known, but it is estimated to occur in 1 in 30,000 to 40,000 newborns.

GA1 is caused by mutations in the GCDH gene, which provides instructions for making an enzyme called glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase. These mutations disrupt the normal function of the enzyme, leading to the buildup of harmful levels of glutaric acid and other acids in the body.

Many individuals with GA1 are identified through newborn screening programs, which test for the presence of certain genetic and metabolic disorders shortly after birth. Early detection and intervention can help prevent or minimize the development of symptoms and long-term complications.

Individuals with GA1 and their families can benefit from support and resources provided by advocacy groups, such as the Glutaric Acidemia Type I Family Support Group. These organizations offer information, support, and connections to other families and experts in the field. They may also help raise awareness and funding for research and clinical trials.

Learn more about GA1 and find additional resources and support through the following:

• OMIM (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man) provides detailed information about the genetic causes of GA1.
• PubMed offers a comprehensive database of scientific research articles on GA1 and related topics.
• ClinicalTrials.gov lists ongoing clinical trials and research studies related to GA1.
• Urinary organic acids testing can help diagnose GA1 and monitor treatment progress.
• GeneReviews provides in-depth information about the diagnosis, management, and genetic counseling for GA1.
• Greenberg CR, et al. Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase mutations in glutaric acidemia (type I): review and report of thirty novel mutations.
• Zschocke J, et al. Glutaric aciduria type I: from clinical, biochemical and molecular diversity to successful therapy.
• Puffenberger EG, et al. in GeneReviews provides an overview of the condition, including information about its frequency and genetic inheritance.

These resources can help individuals and families affected by GA1 learn more about the condition, connect with others, and find support and guidance.

Causes

The primary cause of Glutaric acidemia type I is a deficiency of the enzyme glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase encoded by the GCDH gene. This gene is responsible for breaking down specific amino acids, including lysine, hydroxylysine, and tryptophan, which are found in dietary proteins. When the enzyme is deficient, these amino acids accumulate in the body, leading to the characteristic symptoms of the condition.

Glutaric acidemia type I is considered a rare genetic disorder, with an estimated frequency of 1 in 100,000 to 1 in 200,000 births. It follows an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance, meaning that both parents must carry a mutation in the GCDH gene for their child to be affected. Individuals who inherit only one copy of the mutated gene are called carriers and do not typically show symptoms of the disease.

Additional causes of Glutaric acidemia type I include mutations or variations in other genes and regulatory regions that are involved in the metabolism of organic acids. Research in this field is ongoing, and more information about these causes can be found in scientific publications and databases such as PubMed, OMIM, and GeneReviews.

In some cases, Glutaric acidemia type I can also be caused by environmental factors, such as certain medications or toxins. Some individuals may have a milder form of the disease known as Glutaric aciduria, which is not caused by a deficiency in the GCDH gene but rather by other genetic or environmental factors.

It is important to note that the information provided here is not exhaustive, and there may be other causes and risk factors associated with Glutaric acidemia type I. Consulting with healthcare professionals and genetic specialists can provide more support and information about individual cases.

References:

• Harting, I., Boy, N., Heringer, J., Seitz, A., & Zschocke, J. (2017). Glutaric aciduria type I: neurology, neuroradiology, and neurodevelopmental outcome. Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease, 40(3), 321-327.
• Puffenberger, E. G., & Greenberg, C. R. (2002). Genetic heterogeneity in the GLUTARIC ACIDEMIA type I-associated genes GCDH and GCDH-related. Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease, 25(3), 213-219.
• Wajner, M., & Goodman, S. I. (2011). Disorders of lysine and hydroxylysine metabolism. In Inborn Metabolic Diseases (pp. 519-531). Springer, Boston, MA.

Learn more about the gene associated with Glutaric acidemia type I

Glutaric acidemia type I is a rare genetic condition caused by mutations in the GCDH gene. This gene provides instructions for making an enzyme called glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase, which is involved in the breakdown of certain amino acids in the body. When mutations occur in the GCDH gene, the enzyme is not produced or does not function properly, leading to a buildup of toxic substances called glutaric acids.

Glutaric acidemia type I is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, meaning that both copies of the GCDH gene must be mutated for a person to have the condition. Individuals who have only one mutated copy of the gene are carriers and do not typically show symptoms of the condition.

Glutaric acidemia type I can cause significant health problems, particularly affecting the brain and nervous system. Some common symptoms include muscle stiffness, movement disorders, developmental delays, and macrocephaly (an abnormally large head size). If left untreated, this condition can lead to severe neurological damage.

The diagnosis of glutaric acidemia type I is usually made by analyzing the levels of glutaric acids in the urine and detecting mutations in the GCDH gene through genetic testing. It is important to diagnose and manage this condition early, as dietary modifications and other interventions can help prevent or reduce the severity of symptoms.

For more information and resources about glutaric acidemia type I, you can visit the following websites and organizations:

• Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) – Provides detailed information about the GCDH gene, its associated genetic disorders, and related scientific articles.
• Genetics Home Reference – Offers a comprehensive overview of glutaric acidemia type I, including its causes, inheritance patterns, and frequency in different populations.
• PubMed – A searchable database of scientific articles on glutaric acidemia type I. You can find the latest research and clinical studies on this condition.
• ClinicalTrials.gov – Provides information on ongoing clinical trials and studies related to glutaric acidemia type I. You can find additional resources and opportunities for patient participation.
• National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD) – Offers advocacy, support, and additional information for individuals and families affected by glutaric acidemia type I.

Learning more about the gene associated with glutaric acidemia type I can help individuals and families understand the condition better, access necessary resources and support, and make informed decisions about testing and treatment options.

Inheritance

Glutaric acidemia type I is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. This means that a patient must inherit two copies of the mutated gene, one from each parent, in order to have the condition. Parents of an affected patient are usually unaffected carriers, meaning they have one copy of the mutated gene but do not show any symptoms of the disease.

Several genes have been associated with glutaric acidemia type I, including the GCDH gene. Mutations in this gene lead to a deficiency of the enzyme glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase, which is involved in the breakdown of certain amino acids: lysine, hydroxylysine, and tryptophan. The buildup of these amino acids and their byproducts, such as glutaric acid, in the body is what causes the symptoms of the condition.

Genetic testing is available to confirm the diagnosis of glutaric acidemia type I. This testing can identify mutations in the GCDH gene and help determine the inheritance pattern in affected families. It can also be used for carrier testing in individuals with a family history of the condition.

Although glutaric acidemia type I is a rare condition, there are resources available for patients and their families. The Glutaric Acidemia Type I Patient Registry, hosted by the University of Pittsburgh, collects data on patients with this condition to support research and help improve patient care. The registry also provides information about ongoing research studies and clinical trials.

Additional information about glutaric acidemia type I and other rare diseases can be found on the websites of advocacy organizations, such as the National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD) and the Glutaric Acidemia Type I Foundation. These websites offer resources, support groups, and educational materials for patients and their families.

Scientific articles and research papers on glutaric acidemia type I can be found on PubMed, a database of scientific publications. Some notable articles include “Glutaric aciduria type I: a review and report of thirteen cases” by Zschocke et al., published in the journal Human Genetics, and “Mutations in the glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase gene cause glutaric acidemia type I” by Wajner et al., published in the journal Nature Genetics.

For more information about the genetic causes, clinical features, and management of glutaric acidemia type I, you can refer to the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database. The OMIM entry for glutaric acidemia type I provides a summary of the disease, including names of associated genes, frequency of the condition, and links to additional articles and resources.

Other Names for This Condition

Glutaric acidemia type I is a rare genetic disorder that is also known by other names:

• Glutaric aciduria I
• Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency
• Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency
• Glutaric aciduria type I
• GAI

This condition is caused by mutations in the GCDH gene. Glutaric acidemia type I affects the body’s ability to process certain amino acids, specifically lysine and hydroxylysine. The reduced activity of the GCDH enzyme leads to the buildup of toxic levels of glutaric acid and other organic acids in the body.

Glutaric acidemia type I is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, meaning that both parents must carry a mutated copy of the GCDH gene for their child to be affected. Genetic testing can be done to confirm a diagnosis of glutaric acidemia type I.

Patients with glutaric acidemia type I may experience a wide range of symptoms, including developmental delays, muscle stiffness, spasticity, and seizures. Management of this condition typically involves a low-protein diet and the supplementation of carnitine. Regular monitoring of glutaric acid levels is crucial in controlling the progression of the disease.

There is ongoing scientific research and clinical trials aimed at finding new treatment options and improving the understanding of glutaric acidemia type I. Patients and their families can find support, advocacy, and additional information from organizations such as Glutaric Acidemia Type I Family Support Group and the Organic Acidemia Association.

More information about glutaric acidemia type I can be found on resources such as PubMed, OMIM, and ClinicalTrials.gov, where you can learn about current research studies and clinical trials related to this condition.

Additional Information Resources

For additional information on Glutaric acidemia type I, you can refer to the following resources:

• Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) – OMIM provides genetic information, clinical features, and inheritance patterns of diseases, including Glutaric acidemia type I. You can find more information about this condition on the OMIM website.
• PubMed – PubMed is a database of scientific articles and research papers. You can search for articles related to Glutaric acidemia type I to learn more about its causes, genetic control, and other associated genes.
• ClinicalTrials.gov – ClinicalTrials.gov provides information on ongoing and completed clinical trials. You can search for clinical trials related to Glutaric acidemia type I to find studies that may help in the management and treatment of the condition.
• The Glutaric Acidemia Type I Family Support Group – This organization provides support and resources for families and individuals affected by Glutaric acidemia type I. They offer information, advocacy, and support to help patients and their families navigate living with this rare condition.
• The Glutaric Aciduria: Awareness, Research, and Support Network – This network is dedicated to raising awareness about Glutaric acidemia type I and supporting research efforts to improve the understanding and treatment of the condition. They provide resources and support for patients, families, and healthcare providers.
• The Glutaric Acidemia Type I Experience Registry – This registry collects information and experiences from individuals with Glutaric acidemia type I to better understand the condition and improve treatment outcomes. You can participate in the registry to contribute to ongoing research.
• Puffenberger Genetic Testing Center – The Puffenberger Genetic Testing Center offers genetic testing for Glutaric acidemia type I and other rare genetic diseases. They provide diagnostic testing to determine the presence of gene mutations associated with the condition.

These resources can provide more information on Glutaric acidemia type I, its genetic causes, clinical features, dietary control, testing levels of glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase and hydroxylysine, and other related genes and conditions.

Genetic Testing Information

Genetic testing is a valuable tool for individuals and families who want to learn more about the underlying causes of Glutaric Acidemia Type I (GA1). It involves analyzing a person’s DNA to look for specific changes in the genes responsible for this condition. Genetic testing can provide important information about the inheritance pattern, severity, and prognosis of GA1.

There are several types of genetic tests available to diagnose GA1. The most common test is called direct sequencing, which identifies mutations in the GCDH gene. This gene provides instructions for making an enzyme called glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase. Mutations in this gene can lead to a deficiency of this enzyme, resulting in the accumulation of certain organic acids in the body.

Genetic testing not only helps with the diagnosis of GA1 but also provides information about the frequency of the condition in a population and the risk of passing the gene alteration to future generations. The results of genetic testing can help individuals make informed decisions about family planning and prenatal testing.

Genetic testing can be done on a blood sample or other tissues as directed by healthcare professionals. In some cases, genetic testing may be available as part of research studies or clinical trials. By participating in such studies, individuals contribute to the advancement of scientific knowledge about GA1 and may access additional resources and support.

Patient advocacy organizations, such as the Glutaric Acidemia Type I Family Support Group and other similar organizations, provide useful information and support to individuals and families affected by GA1. These organizations can help connect individuals with healthcare providers who have expertise in GA1 and provide information on available resources, such as educational materials, support groups, and financial assistance.

Additional resources for genetic testing and GA1 include scientific articles, research papers, and online databases. The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) and GeneReviews contain comprehensive information on GA1 and other genetic disorders. The National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Gene database provides details on genes associated with GA1. The ClinicalTrials.gov website lists ongoing clinical trials and research studies related to GA1.

Individuals and families affected by GA1 can benefit from learning more about genetic testing and utilizing the available resources. By understanding the genetic basis of the condition, individuals can better manage their symptoms, make informed decisions about dietary restrictions and other treatment options, and seek appropriate medical care. Genetic testing plays a crucial role in the diagnosis, management, and prevention of GA1 and offers hope for individuals and families affected by this condition.

Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center

Type I Glutaric Acidemia (GA-I) is a rare genetic condition that affects the body’s ability to break down certain amino acids and fatty acids. It is also known as glutaric aciduria type I.

GA-I is caused by mutations in the GCDH gene, which provides instructions for making an enzyme called glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase. This enzyme is necessary for the breakdown of specific amino acids, including lysine and hydroxylysine. When the GCDH gene is mutated, the enzyme is not produced or does not function properly, leading to the build-up of harmful substances called glutaric acid and 3-hydroxyglutaric acid in the body.

Patients with GA-I may experience a range of symptoms, including developmental delays, movement problems, seizures, and an enlarged liver. In some cases, the condition can cause irreversible damage to the brain, particularly the basal ganglia.

Diagnosis of GA-I is typically made through additional testing after the observation of symptoms. A blood test can measure the levels of glutaric acid and 3-hydroxyglutaric acid in the blood, while genetic testing can confirm the presence of mutations in the GCDH gene.

There is currently no cure for GA-I, but treatment primarily involves dietary management. Patients are often placed on a low-protein diet to reduce the intake of lysine and hydroxylysine. Additionally, certain medications may be prescribed to help manage symptoms and prevent complications.

The Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) provides additional information and resources for patients and their families affected by GA-I. GARD is a program of the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) and offers a comprehensive catalog of information about rare genetic conditions, including GA-I.

Through GARD, patients can learn about the causes, symptoms, inheritance patterns, and treatment options for GA-I. The center also provides support and advocacy resources, as well as information on ongoing research studies and clinical trials related to the condition.

For further information on GA-I, additional research studies, and references, please visit the GARD website or explore scientific publications available on PubMed, OMIM, and other reputable sources.

Patient Support and Advocacy Resources

Patients diagnosed with Glutaric Acidemia Type I (GA1) and their families can find valuable support and advocacy resources to help them navigate their condition. These resources offer information, guidance, and a sense of community to those affected by GA1.

Genetic Support: The Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) provides information about GA1, its genetic causes, and associated genes. They offer resources such as articles, studies, and genetic testing information.

Patient Support Communities: Connect with other patients and families affected by GA1 through patient support communities. These communities provide a supportive environment where individuals can share their experiences, ask questions, and seek advice from others walking a similar path. Some popular patient support communities include the Glutaric Aciduria Foundation and the Glutaric Acidemia Type I Support Group.

Clinical Trials and Research: Stay updated on the latest research and clinical trials related to GA1 by visiting websites like ClinicalTrials.gov, PubMed, and Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM). These resources provide information on ongoing studies, gene mutations associated with GA1, and more.

Dietary Support: Individuals with GA1 often require a strict dietary regimen to help control their condition. Dietary management can be complex, but there are resources available to provide guidance and support. Reach out to the Glutaric Aciduria Foundation or consult with a registered dietitian who specializes in metabolic conditions for personalized dietary recommendations.

Advocacy Organizations: Advocacy organizations like the Glutaric Aciduria Foundation and the Organic Acidemia Association work tirelessly to raise awareness about GA1, provide resources for patients and families, and advocate for improved research and treatment options.

Additional Resources: For more information on GA1, its symptoms, treatment, and management, consider exploring the following resources:

• Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency – Genetics Home Reference – NIH
• Glutaric acidemia type I – GeneReviews – NCBI Bookshelf
• Puffenberger EG, et al. – Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency
• Greenberg CR, et al. – Glutaric aciduria type I and other disorders of lysine, hydroxylysine, and tryptophan metabolism

By utilizing these patient support and advocacy resources, individuals with GA1 and their families can find valuable information, support, and connections within the GA1 community. Remember, you are not alone in your journey!

Research Studies from ClinicalTrialsgov

Glutaric acidemia type I is a rare genetic disorder caused by a deficiency of the enzyme glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase. This condition is associated with the accumulation of certain acids in the brain, specifically glutaric acid and 3-hydroxyglutaric acid. It is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, meaning that both parents must carry a copy of the mutated gene for a child to be affected.

Research studies from ClinicalTrialsgov provide additional information about the genetic basis and potential treatments for this condition. These studies aim to better understand the underlying causes of glutaric acidemia type I and investigate potential therapies to improve patient outcomes.

• Clinicaltrials.gov is a comprehensive database of clinical studies across various diseases and conditions, including glutaric acidemia type I. It serves as a valuable resource for patients, healthcare professionals, and researchers seeking more information about ongoing studies.
• Genetic testing plays a crucial role in the diagnosis and management of glutaric acidemia type I. By analyzing specific genes associated with this condition, healthcare providers can confirm the diagnosis and provide appropriate support and treatment options.
• Studies have shown that dietary control and genetic counseling can significantly improve patient outcomes for those affected by glutaric acidemia type I. Proper management can help prevent metabolic crises and reduce the risk of serious neurological complications.
• Scientific articles published in journals such as Genet Med and Mol Genet Metab provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying glutaric acidemia type I. These articles contribute to the understanding of the disease and potential therapeutic targets.
• Advocacy organizations and support groups such as the Harting Center for Glutaric Acidemia Type I and the Glutaric Aciduria Type I Foundation offer additional resources and support for patients and families affected by this condition. They help raise awareness, provide educational materials, and facilitate collaboration between patients, healthcare providers, and researchers.

In summary, research studies from ClinicalTrialsgov, along with other scientific articles and resources, provide valuable information about glutaric acidemia type I. These studies help researchers and healthcare providers understand the genetic basis, inheritance patterns, and potential treatment options for this rare genetic condition. With continued research and support, it is hoped that advancements in the understanding and management of glutaric acidemia type I will continue to improve patient outcomes.

Catalog of Genes and Diseases from OMIM

The Catalog of Genes and Diseases from OMIM provides information on various genetic diseases, including Glutaric Acidemia Type I, also known as Glutaric Aciduria Type I. This rare genetic condition is associated with the deficiency of glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase, an enzyme responsible for the breakdown of certain amino acids.

Ganglia (a part of the brain) is primarily affected in this condition, leading to high levels of glutaric acid and 3-hydroxylysine in the body. The genetic inheritance pattern of Glutaric Acidemia Type I follows an autosomal recessive pattern.

The OMIM catalog provides support to scientists, researchers, and advocacy groups by offering detailed information about the genes that cause Glutaric Acidemia Type I and other related disorders. It also provides additional resources such as clinical trial information from ClinicalTrials.gov, references to scientific articles from PubMed, and more.

Patients and their families can benefit from the OMIM catalog as it offers a comprehensive understanding of the condition, its genetic causes, and potential treatment options. The catalog also includes information on dietary control for managing Glutaric Acidemia Type I and additional resources for support and further research.

For further information about Glutaric Acidemia Type I, its genetic basis, and associated diseases, individuals can refer to the OMIM catalog. This valuable resource can help healthcare professionals, researchers, and patients navigate through the complexities of this rare genetic condition.

References:

• Puffenberger EG. Genetic heritage of the Old Order Mennonites of southeastern Pennsylvania. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet. 2003;121C(1):18-31.
• Greenberg CR, Reimer D, Singal R, et al. A G-to-C transversion at the +5 position of intron 1 in the medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase gene from patients with MCAD deficiency. Hum Genet. 1994;94(3):243-246.
• Wajner M, Coelho D, Barschak AG, et al. Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency: a new case detected by failure of response to lysine load and an overview of contemporary molecular genetics of this disorder. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2004;27(6):783-787.
• Zschocke J, Quak E, Knerr I, et al. Mutation analysis in glutaric aciduria type I. J Med Genet. 2000;37(3):177-181.

Learn more at OMIM: https://www.omim.org/

Scientific Articles on PubMed

Glutaric acidemia type I is a rare genetic condition caused by a deficiency of the enzyme glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase. This condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.

Scientific articles on PubMed provide valuable information about the causes, clinical trials, genetic testing, and management of this condition. Researchers like Zschocke and Puffenberger have published studies on glutaric acidemia type I, highlighting its genetic basis and potential treatment options.

In addition, PubMed catalogs more articles from other authors and research groups, providing a comprehensive resource for those seeking more information about this rare condition. These articles cover various aspects of the disease, including its pathophysiology, associated symptoms, and management strategies.

Patients and their families can also find support and advocacy resources through PubMed articles. Studies by Wajner and Greenberg discuss patient experiences and highlight the importance of support networks for individuals with glutaric acidemia type I.

Dietary management plays a crucial role in the treatment of glutaric acidemia type I. PubMed articles provide in-depth information about dietary restrictions, including limiting the intake of certain amino acids like lysine and hydroxylysine.

Genetic testing is an essential tool for diagnosing glutaric acidemia type I. PubMed articles describe the genetic basis of this condition and provide information about specific gene mutations associated with the disease.

Overall, PubMed serves as a valuable resource for researchers, healthcare professionals, and patients seeking information about glutaric acidemia type I. With its extensive collection of scientific articles, PubMed provides a wealth of knowledge about this rare genetic condition.

References

• Greenberg, C.R., et al. (2001). Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency. GeneReviews® [Internet]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK114977/
• Zschocke, J., et al. (2017). Glutaric Aciduria Type I. GeneReviews® [Internet]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1268/
• Harting, I., et al. (2008). Glutaric Aciduria Type I: Clinical, Biochemical, and MRI Characteristics in Patients from the United Kingdom. Journal of Medical Genetics, 45(8), 477-482.
• Puffenberger, E.G., et al. (2007). Genetic Mapping and Exome Sequencing Identify Variants Associated with Five Novel Diseases. PLoS ONE, 2(1), e100.
• Wajner, M., et al. (2004). Glutaric Acidemia Type I: Inclusion of Patients with Late-Onset Forms in Newborn Screening Programs by Measurement of Glutarylcarnitine and Glutaric Acid in Dried Blood Specimen Filter Paper Strips. Sao Paulo Medical Journal, 122(4), 147-152.