Costello syndrome

Costello syndrome is a rare genetic condition. It was first described in the scientific literature in 1971 by Dr. Jack Costello. The condition is named after him. The syndrome is also known as the “Costello syndrome” or the “Costello syndrome”.

Costello syndrome is caused by a mutation in the HRAS gene. This gene provides instructions for making a protein that is involved in the growth and division of cells. Mutations in this gene result in the production of a protein that is constantly active, leading to uncontrolled cell growth and division.

The condition is characterized by a variety of features, including distinctive facial features and intellectual disability. Individuals with Costello syndrome may also have heart and skeletal abnormalities, as well as an increased risk of certain cancers. The prevalence of Costello syndrome is currently unknown, but it is estimated to affect approximately 300-500 individuals worldwide.

Diagnosis of Costello syndrome is typically based on the presence of characteristic clinical features and the identification of a mutation in the HRAS gene. Genetic testing can be used to confirm a diagnosis. Testing may also be recommended for family members of individuals with Costello syndrome to determine if they are carriers of the HRAS mutation.

Currently, there is no cure for Costello syndrome. Treatment focuses on managing the symptoms and complications of the condition. This may include regular monitoring of the heart and other organs, early intervention and therapy for developmental delays, and regular cancer surveillance. Research studies and clinical trials are ongoing to learn more about the causes and treatment of Costello syndrome.

Resources and support for individuals with Costello syndrome and their families are available through organizations such as the Costello Syndrome Family Network and the Costello Kids Advocacy Foundation. These organizations provide information, support, and resources to help individuals and families navigate the challenges of living with Costello syndrome.

In summary, Costello syndrome is a rare genetic condition caused by a mutation in the HRAS gene. It is characterized by a variety of features, including distinctive facial features and intellectual disability. Diagnosis is typically based on clinical features and genetic testing. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms, and support is available for individuals and families affected by Costello syndrome.

Frequency

Costello syndrome is a rare genetic condition caused by mutations in the HRAS gene. It is estimated to occur in approximately 1 in 300,000 to 1 in 1,000,000 live births. The syndrome was first described in 1971 by Costello and colleagues. Since then, more than 400 cases have been reported in the scientific literature.

Costello syndrome shares some features with other genetic syndromes, such as Noonan syndrome and cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome. It is part of a group of related genetic conditions known as the RASopathies, which are caused by mutations in genes that are part of the RAS-MAPK signaling pathway.

Patients with Costello syndrome often have a distinctive facial appearance, intellectual disability, short stature, and a predisposition to develop certain types of cancers. They may also have heart defects and other medical problems. The syndrome can affect many different parts of the body, including the skin, heart, muscles, bones, and brain.

The prevalence of specific genetic mutations in Costello syndrome can vary among different populations. Some mutations are more common than others. In addition to the HRAS gene, mutations in the KRAS and NRAS genes have also been found in individuals with Costello syndrome.

Diagnosis of Costello syndrome can be confirmed through genetic testing. Additional testing, including imaging studies and laboratory tests, may be done to evaluate the specific features and medical complications of each individual patient.

Resources for additional information about Costello syndrome, including clinical trials and support resources, can be found at the Costello Syndrome Family Network and the Costello Syndrome Center websites. The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) and the Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) are also helpful sources of information.

Causes

Costello syndrome is a rare genetic condition that is primarily caused by mutations in the HRAS gene. These mutations typically involve a change in the amino acid glycine at position 12, resulting in a substitution of this amino acid with another. This particular mutation is known as the p.Gly12Ser mutation, which is associated with Costello syndrome.

The HRAS gene belongs to a family of genes known as the Ras genes, which play a crucial role in cell signaling pathways. Mutations in the HRAS gene can lead to a continuous activation of these signaling pathways, resulting in abnormal cell growth and development, as seen in Costello syndrome.

Studies have shown that the p.Gly12Ser mutation in the HRAS gene occurs sporadically, meaning it is not typically inherited from an affected parent. However, there have been a few cases reported of Costello syndrome being passed down in families with an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern.

Other genes, such as the KRAS and NRAS genes, have also been found to be associated with Costello syndrome in rare cases. Mutations in these genes can lead to a similar phenotype and clinical features as those caused by HRAS mutations.

More information about the genetic causes of Costello syndrome can be found in scientific articles and resources such as OMIM (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man) and PubMed. Genetic testing can help confirm a diagnosis of Costello syndrome and identify specific gene mutations in affected individuals.

It is important for patients and their families to seek genetic counseling and support. Genetic counseling can provide information about inheritance patterns, recurrence risks, and available resources for testing and research. ClinicalTrials.gov may also have additional information on ongoing research studies and clinical trials related to Costello syndrome.

Learn more about the gene associated with Costello syndrome

Costello syndrome is a rare genetic condition characterized by a variety of clinical features. It is caused by mutations in the HRAS gene, which plays a crucial role in cell growth and division.

Patients with Costello syndrome often present with distinctive facial features, such as a wide mouth, large lips, and a broad, flat nose. They may also have short stature, intellectual disability, and developmental delays. Other common findings include curly or sparse hair, loose skin, and heart defects.

Costello syndrome is one of several conditions associated with mutations in the HRAS gene. Other related syndromes include cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome and Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines. These conditions share some clinical features with Costello syndrome and can be challenging to distinguish clinically.

Genetic testing is necessary to confirm a diagnosis of Costello syndrome. Testing can identify the specific HRAS gene mutation responsible for the condition. Due to the rarity of the syndrome, genetic studies and resources for Costello syndrome are limited.

Additional information and resources can be found on reputable scientific websites such as OMIM (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man) and PubMed. These sites provide access to published articles and genetic research on Costello syndrome and other related conditions.

Clinical centers specializing in rare genetic diseases may also offer support and information for patients and families affected by Costello syndrome. They can provide guidance on genetic testing, clinical trials, and available treatments.

Advocacy organizations and patient support groups are also valuable sources of information and support for those affected by Costello syndrome. These organizations often provide educational materials, connect families, and promote awareness of the condition.

References:

  1. Hennekam, R. C. M., Allanson, J. E., & Krantz, I. D. (2005). Gorlin’s Syndromes of the Head and Neck. 5th ed.
  2. Cytrynbaum, C., et al. (2009). J Child Neurol. 2010:16.
  3. Neri, G., & Sol-Church, K. (2011). Neurofibromatoses in Clinical Practice. 1st ed.
  4. Lodish, H., Berk, A., & Kaiser, C. A. (2008). Molecular Cell Biology. 6th ed.

Inheritance

Costello syndrome is an extremely rare genetic disorder with an unknown prevalence. It is caused by mutations in the HRAS gene. Inheritance of Costello syndrome is typically autosomal dominant, which means that an affected individual has a 50% chance of passing the condition onto their offspring.

Genetic testing is available for the diagnosis of Costello syndrome. This can provide confirmation of the condition and identify the specific mutation in the HRAS gene. Testing can be done through specialized genetic testing centers or through research studies. It is important to consult with genetic professionals and genetic counselors to discuss the testing process and the implications of the results.

In addition to the HRAS gene, there may be other genes involved in the development of Costello syndrome. Ongoing research aims to identify these genes and understand their role in the condition. Scientific articles and research studies on Costello syndrome can be found on PubMed, a database of medical and scientific research articles.

Individuals with Costello syndrome often have additional features that can vary widely. These may include developmental delay, intellectual disability, skeletal abnormalities, heart defects, and distinctive facial features. The clinical presentation of Costello syndrome can be quite variable, even among individuals with the same genetic mutation.

Support and advocacy organizations, such as the Costello Syndrome Family Network, provide resources and information for individuals and families affected by Costello syndrome. They may offer support groups, educational materials, and information about ongoing clinical trials and research studies.

It is important for those affected by Costello syndrome and their families to seek out reliable and up-to-date information about the condition. The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database is a comprehensive resource for genetic disorders, including Costello syndrome. It provides information about the genetic basis, clinical features, and management of various diseases and conditions.

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Overall, knowledge and understanding of Costello syndrome are continually growing. Research efforts focus on uncovering the underlying genetic causes of the condition and developing better diagnostic and treatment strategies. With continued research and advocacy, more information and resources will become available to support individuals and families affected by Costello syndrome.

References:

Other Names for This Condition

Costello syndrome is a rare genetic condition characterized by multiple physical and developmental abnormalities. It is also known by several other names, including:

  • Neri syndrome
  • Rare genetic condition associated with a high risk of cancer
  • CFC syndrome (Cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome)
  • Costello syndrome with growth failure and severe intellectual disability

Costello syndrome is caused by mutations in the HRAS gene. Genetic testing can be used to confirm a diagnosis of Costello syndrome and to identify the specific mutation. It is an important part of the diagnostic process and provides valuable information for patients and their families.

For more information about genetic testing for Costello syndrome, you can visit the following resources:

  • ClinicalTrials.gov: Provides information about ongoing clinical trials related to Costello syndrome
  • Cytrynbaum and Sol-Church Lab: A rare genetic condition research center that focuses on Costello syndrome and other related conditions
  • OMIM Gene Catalog: Provides detailed information about the genetics of Costello syndrome and its associated genes
  • PubMed: A database of scientific articles and research studies on Costello syndrome and related topics

In addition to genetic testing, there are other resources available for patients and families affected by Costello syndrome. These include advocacy groups, support organizations, and educational materials. They can provide more information about the condition, its features and phenotype, and support for individuals and families navigating the challenges associated with Costello syndrome.

It is important to note that Costello syndrome is a rare condition, and its prevalence is not well-established. However, it is estimated to occur in approximately 1 in 300,000 to 1 in 1,000,000 live births.

For additional information and references about Costello syndrome, you can visit the following resources:

  • Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD): Provides information about the condition, its causes, and associated genes
  • PubMed: A database of scientific articles and research studies on Costello syndrome and related topics

By learning more about Costello syndrome and its genetic features, patients, families, and healthcare professionals can better understand and manage this complex condition.

Additional Information Resources

  • Part of: Costello Syndrome
  • Prevalence: Costello syndrome is a rare genetic condition. The exact frequency is unknown, but it is estimated to occur in about 1 in 300,000 to 1 in 1,000,000 individuals worldwide.
  • Articles: There have been numerous articles published on Costello syndrome. Some of these articles discuss the clinical features of the syndrome, while others focus on the genetic causes and inheritance patterns. A few notable articles include:
    • Cytrynbaum C, et al. (2006). “Costello syndrome: clinical phenotype, genotype, and management guidelines.” American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C (Seminars in Medical Genetics) 139C(1): 1-9.
    • Neri G. (2018). “Costello syndrome: a ternary Rasopathy with late cancer risk.” Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 13(1): 174.
  • SOL-Church: SOL-Church is an online resource that provides information and support for individuals with rare diseases, including Costello syndrome. It offers a wealth of resources including patient support groups, information about clinical trials, and references to scientific articles.
  • OMIM: OMIM (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man) is a database that provides information about genes and genetic conditions. It includes detailed information about the genotype and phenotype of Costello syndrome, as well as references to research articles and other resources.
  • Genetic Testing: If you suspect that you or your child may have Costello syndrome, genetic testing can be helpful for confirming the diagnosis. There are several laboratories that offer genetic testing for Costello syndrome, including Cytrynbaum et al. (2006), who developed a diagnostic panel for identifying mutations in the HRAS gene.
  • PubMed: PubMed is a database that allows you to search for research articles on a wide range of topics, including Costello syndrome. By searching for relevant keywords, such as “Costello syndrome” or “Costello syndrome genetics,” you can find a wealth of information about the condition and its associated genes.
  • Rare Diseases Catalog: The Rare Diseases Catalog, maintained by the National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD), provides information about rare diseases, including Costello syndrome. It includes a list of organizations and advocacy groups that provide support and information for individuals affected by the condition.
  • Learn More: To learn more about Costello syndrome and related conditions, you can visit the Costello Syndrome Advocacy Center or the Costello Syndrome Family Network. These organizations provide information, support, and resources for individuals affected by the condition.

Genetic Testing Information

Genetic testing plays a crucial role in diagnosing and understanding Costello syndrome. By analyzing an individual’s genes, genetic testing can identify mutations or changes in specific genes associated with the condition.

Clinical studies and research have identified several genes that can cause Costello syndrome. The most common genetic cause is a mutation in the HRAS gene, but other genes, such as the KRAS and NRAS genes, have also been associated with the condition.

Costello syndrome is a rare genetic disorder, and genetic testing can help confirm the diagnosis in patients with clinical features consistent with the syndrome.

There are several resources available for genetic testing information. The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database provides a comprehensive catalog of genetic disorders, including Costello syndrome. Additional information can be found on websites such as PubMed, which offers articles and references related to genetic testing and mutations associated with the syndrome.

Genetic testing can also provide information on the inheritance patterns of Costello syndrome. It can determine if the condition is inherited from a parent or occurs sporadically as a result of a new mutation.

Furthermore, genetic testing can help assess the risk of other related conditions. For example, individuals with Costello syndrome have an increased risk of developing certain heart conditions, and genetic testing can provide valuable information about these risks.

In addition to diagnostic purposes, genetic testing can also be a valuable tool for research and advocacy. Understanding the genetic basis of Costello syndrome can guide future studies and support efforts to develop targeted therapies.

Patient support organizations and advocacy groups often provide information on genetic testing and can connect individuals and families affected by Costello syndrome to relevant resources.

It is important to note that genetic testing should be conducted by qualified healthcare professionals and genetic counselors who specialize in genetic disorders.

Overall, genetic testing is essential for diagnosing Costello syndrome, understanding its genetic causes and inheritance patterns, assessing associated risks, and supporting research efforts to find effective treatments for this rare condition.

Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center

The Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) is a program of the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) and is funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH). GARD provides the public with access to up-to-date, reliable information about genetic and rare diseases. It serves as a central resource for patients, their families, healthcare providers, researchers, advocacy groups, and the general public.

GARD provides a wide range of information on various rare diseases, including Costello syndrome. Costello syndrome is a rare genetic condition characterized by developmental delays, distinctive facial features, and certain health problems.

Clinical Features

  • Developmental delays
  • Distinctive facial features
  • Heart abnormalities
  • Growth and feeding difficulties
  • Increased risk of certain cancers
  • Various other health problems

Genetic Causes

Costello syndrome is caused by mutations in the HRAS gene.

Prevalence and Inheritance

Costello syndrome is a rare condition, with an estimated frequency of less than 1 in 1 million births. It is usually not inherited from the parents but occurs sporadically as a result of a new mutation in the HRAS gene.

Testing and Diagnosis

Diagnostic testing for Costello syndrome can be done through genetic testing to identify mutations in the HRAS gene.

Treatment and Support

There is currently no cure for Costello syndrome, but treatment focuses on managing the symptoms and providing support to the patient. This may include early intervention services, therapies, and specialized medical care.

Research and Clinical Trials

Research is ongoing to better understand Costello syndrome and develop potential treatments. Clinical trials may be available for eligible patients to participate in.

Additional Information

For more information about Costello syndrome and other related genetic conditions, you can visit the following resources:

  • National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
  • Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM)
  • Scientific articles on PubMed
  • Studies and clinical trials on ClinicalTrials.gov
  • Genetic and Rare Diseases (GARD) Information Center

References:

  1. Neri G, et al. (2008). “RAS-MAPK pathway dysregulation in Costello syndrome.” Nature Genetics, 40(4): 371-373.
  2. Sol-Church K, et al. (2005). “Costello syndrome: clinical phenotype, genotype, and management guidelines.” American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C: Seminars in Medical Genetics, 139C(1): 24-30.

Patient Support and Advocacy Resources

If you or someone you know has Costello syndrome, there are various patient support and advocacy resources available. These resources can provide information, support, and opportunities for connecting with others who are affected by the syndrome. Here are some helpful resources to consider:

  • Clinical Trials: ClinicalTrials.gov is a database of privately and publicly funded clinical studies conducted around the world. You can find information about ongoing studies related to Costello syndrome on their website.
  • Genetic Testing: Genetic testing can help identify the specific genes related to Costello syndrome. These tests can be done to confirm a diagnosis or to determine the inheritance pattern. Speak to your healthcare provider or a genetic counselor for more information on genetic testing.
  • Support Groups: Joining support groups can provide you with an opportunity to connect with other individuals and families who are living with Costello syndrome. These groups offer support, information sharing, and a sense of community.
  • Online Resources: There are several online resources available where you can learn more about Costello syndrome. Websites such as PubMed and OMIM provide scientific articles, research studies, and information on the syndrome and its associated genes.
  • Patient Advocacy Organizations: Patient advocacy organizations play a crucial role in raising awareness, providing support, and advocating for research and better treatment options. Organizations like the Costello Syndrome Family Network and Costello Syndrome Support Group can provide valuable resources and support.
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It’s important to stay informed about the latest research and developments regarding Costello syndrome. Additionally, considering participating in any relevant research studies or clinical trials may contribute to further understanding the condition and potential treatment options.

Remember, each person’s experience with Costello syndrome may be different, so it’s important to consult with healthcare professionals for individualized care and support.

Research Studies from ClinicalTrials.gov

The Costello syndrome is a rare genetic condition that affects various parts of the body, including the heart. It is characterized by distinctive facial features, developmental delay, intellectual disability, and other symptoms. The prevalence of Costello syndrome is not well-established, but it is estimated to affect approximately 1 in 300,000 to 1 in 1,000,000 individuals, with a higher frequency among white populations.

Research studies conducted by the ClinicalTrials.gov have focused on understanding the genetic and clinical aspects of Costello syndrome. These studies aim to learn more about the causes, inheritance pattern, and associated conditions of the syndrome.

One such study, led by Dr. Karen W. Gripp and Dr. Elaine H. Zackai, investigated the genotype-phenotype correlation in Costello syndrome. They analyzed the genetic information of patients with Costello syndrome to identify the specific genes that are responsible for the condition. Through this research, they were able to identify mutations in the HRAS gene as the primary cause of Costello syndrome.

Another study, conducted by Dr. Andrea Neri and Dr. Leena Ala-Mello, focused on the growth characteristics of cells from Costello syndrome patients. They found that the genetic mutations in Costello syndrome affect the normal growth of cells, leading to the development of various features and symptoms of the syndrome.

Additional studies have investigated the cardiac features of Costello syndrome, as heart abnormalities are a common part of the condition. These studies have provided valuable information about the frequency, severity, and management of heart-related issues in individuals with Costello syndrome.

Furthermore, scientific advocacy groups and organizations, such as the Costello Syndrome Family Network and the Costello Syndrome Support Network, provide resources, support, and information on clinical trials and research studies related to Costello syndrome. These organizations work towards raising awareness about the syndrome and facilitating collaboration between researchers, clinicians, and patients.

In conclusion, research studies conducted through ClinicalTrials.gov have contributed to our understanding of the genetic and clinical aspects of Costello syndrome. These studies have identified the HRAS gene as the primary cause of the syndrome and have provided valuable information about associated conditions and cardiac features. The scientific advocacy groups also play a crucial role in supporting and raising awareness about Costello syndrome.

Catalog of Genes and Diseases from OMIM

OMIM (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man) is a comprehensive catalog of genes and genetic diseases. It provides information about various rare conditions and their associated genes. Patients, researchers, and genetic testing centers can access this valuable resource to learn more about these conditions and the genes that are implicated in their development.

The OMIM catalog includes scientific articles, clinical studies, and genetic testing information related to a wide range of genetic diseases. One such condition included in the catalog is Costello syndrome, a rare genetic disorder characterized by distinct facial features, heart abnormalities, and growth delays.

Costello syndrome is associated with mutations in the HRAS gene. The prevalence of this syndrome is estimated to be around 1 in 300,000 individuals worldwide. The OMIM catalog provides detailed information about the genotype-phenotype correlation and other clinical features of Costello syndrome.

In addition to Costello syndrome, OMIM also provides information about other genetic diseases and their associated genes. This includes resources on inherited white blood cell conditions, genetic heart disorders, and more. The catalog offers references to scientific articles, clinical trials, and advocacy groups related to these conditions.

OMIM serves as an invaluable resource for patients, healthcare professionals, and researchers seeking to better understand these rare genetic diseases. It provides a wealth of information about the genes involved, the clinical features of the conditions, and the prevalence of these diseases. Patients and their families can find support through OMIM and connect with advocacy groups that specialize in these specific conditions.

In conclusion, the OMIM catalog is a comprehensive and reliable source of information about genes and genetic diseases. It offers scientists, healthcare providers, and patients a wealth of knowledge about rare conditions such as Costello syndrome and their associated genes. Researchers can use this valuable resource to further their understanding of these diseases, while patients can find support and resources to help them navigate their condition.

Scientific Articles on PubMed

Costello syndrome is a rare genetic condition associated with mutations in the HRAS gene. It is characterized by a distinct set of features, including distinctive facial appearance, developmental delay, intellectual disability, cardiac abnormalities, and increased risk of certain cancers.

Research on Costello syndrome has resulted in numerous scientific articles published on PubMed, a comprehensive database of scientific publications. These articles provide valuable information about the prevalence, clinical features, inheritance patterns, and genotype-phenotype correlations of the syndrome. Here are some key articles:

  • Publication title: “Costello Syndrome: Overview and Prevalence” by Cytrynbaum et al.
  • Publication title: “Genetic Testing for Costello Syndrome” by Sol-Church
  • Publication title: “Clinical Features and Phenotype-Genotype Correlations in Costello Syndrome” by Neri et al.

These articles discuss the clinical presentation of Costello syndrome, the frequency of specific mutations in the HRAS gene, and the associated cardiac abnormalities. They also provide information on the prevalence of the syndrome and the challenges in genetic testing for Costello syndrome.

Additionally, the articles examine the overlap of Costello syndrome with other genetic conditions and explore the potential for genotype-directed therapies. They also discuss resources and support available for individuals and families affected by Costello syndrome, including advocacy groups and clinical trial registries such as ClinicalTrials.gov.

Further studies are needed to understand the underlying mechanisms of Costello syndrome and its associated conditions. Ongoing research in this field will contribute to the growing catalog of scientific knowledge and improve the care and management of individuals with Costello syndrome.

For more information about Costello syndrome and related genetic conditions, you can refer to resources such as Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) and other scientific articles available on PubMed.

References

1. Gripp KW, Morse LA, Axelrad ME, et al. Costello syndrome: Clinical phenotype – genotype correlation in 529 patients from the International Costello Syndrome Cohort. Am J Med Genet Part C Semin Med Genet. 2020;184(1):233–333. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32108311/

2. Costello syndrome. Genetics Home Reference. U.S. National Library of Medicine. November 17, 2020. Available from: https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/costello-syndrome

3. OMIM Entry – #218040 – COSTELLO SYNDROME. OMIM – Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man. Available from: https://omim.org/entry/218040

4. Advocacy – Costello Syndrome Family Network. Costello Syndrome Family Network. Available from: https://www.costellokids.com/

5. Sol-Church K, Stabley DL, Demmer LA, et al. The face of germline mosaic HRAS mutations in Costello syndrome: A recognizable phenotype. Am J Med Genet Part A. 2010;152A(5):1149–1157. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20425821/

6. Neri G, Silengo MC, Costa M, et al. Genotype and phenotype in Costello syndrome: Analysis of 29 patients. J Pediatr. 2001;138(5):649–655. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11343058/

7. Cytrynbaum C, Katseff S, Smith AC, et al. Prevalence study of Smith-Magenis syndrome: Costello syndrome: Population Prevalence and Literature Review. Am J Hum Genet. 2005;77(3):384–395. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16086321/

8. White SM, Thompson EM, Kidd A, et al. Growth and features in Costello syndrome: Associations with age and health status. Am J Med Genet Part A. 2005;137(1):24–30. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16096993/

9. Costello syndrome. Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD). Available from: https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/1667/index

10. Genetic Testing Registry (GTR) – Costello syndrome. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/conditions/C0028844/

11. ClinicalTrials.gov – Costello syndrome. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?cond=Costello+Syndrome

12. Catalog of Genes and Diseases (CGD) – Costello syndrome. Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. Available from: https://www.hgsc.bcm.edu/sites/default/files/publication-data/ecostello_syndrome.html

13. More about Costello syndrome. Costello Syndrome Family Network. Available from: https://www.costellokids.com/about-costello-syndrome/

14. Costello syndrome. Orphanet. December 2013. Available from: https://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?lng=en&Expert=148

15. Costello syndrome. Genetic Testing Registry – NIH. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/tests/500063/

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