Cerebral Autosomal Recessive Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL) is a rare genetic condition characterized by the appearance of subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy. It is an autosomal recessive disease, meaning both parents must pass on a copy of the defective gene for a child to be affected.
The disease was first described in 1996 by Ikeda et al. and was later named CARASIL. The frequency of the disease is still unknown, but it has been reported in several countries, primarily in Japan. CARASIL is associated with mutations in the HTRA1 gene.
CARASIL primarily affects the small blood vessels in the brain, leading to a variety of neurological symptoms such as recurrent strokes, cognitive decline, and walking difficulties. Other symptoms may include back pain, loss of bladder control, and depression.
Diagnosis of CARASIL can be difficult due to its rarity and similarity to other diseases. Genetic testing is currently the most reliable method for diagnosing CARASIL, but additional clinical and radiological findings may also be considered.
There is currently no cure for CARASIL, but treatment focuses on managing the symptoms and providing supportive care. Physical and occupational therapy may be beneficial for improving mobility and cognitive function. Pain management and psychological support are also important components of the patient’s care.
For more information about CARASIL and resources for support and advocacy, you can refer to the OMIM database (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man) and PubMed. These scientific databases provide additional articles and references related to CARASIL and other genetic diseases.
In conclusion, CARASIL is a rare genetic disease that causes subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy. The disease is associated with mutations in the HTRA1 gene and primarily affects the small blood vessels in the brain. Diagnosis can be challenging, but genetic testing and clinical evaluations can help confirm the condition. While there is no cure, supportive care and symptom management are important for improving the patient’s quality of life.
Frequency
Cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL) is a rare genetic condition that is associated with symptoms such as subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy. The frequency of this condition is not well documented, but it is considered to be a rare disease.
According to articles on PubMed, CARASIL is caused by mutations in the HTRA1 gene. The inheritance pattern of CARASIL is autosomal recessive, which means that an affected individual must inherit two copies of the mutated gene, one from each parent.
There are several resources available for learning more about CARASIL and other rare diseases. The OMIM (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man) database provides information about the genetic basis of diseases, including CARASIL. The Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) also offers resources and support for individuals and families affected by rare conditions.
The signs and symptoms of CARASIL can vary greatly between individuals, but commonly include subcortical infarcts, leukoencephalopathy, back pain, and problems with cognition and memory. There are currently no specific treatments available for CARASIL, but supportive care can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life.
For more information about CARASIL, including genetic testing and patient advocacy resources, additional articles and references can be found on PubMed. Some names to search for in association with CARASIL include Ikeda, Fukutake, Yanagawa, and Ikeda.
Citation: “Frequency.” Genetics Home Reference, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 10 June 2021, https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/cerebral-autosomal-recessive-arteriopathy-with-subcortical-infarcts-and-leukoencephalopathy.
Causes
Cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL) is a genetic condition that is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. This means that individuals with one copy of the mutated gene are carriers of the condition and typically do not experience any symptoms.
The cause of CARASIL is a mutation in the HTRA1 gene. This gene provides instructions for making a protein that is involved in the normal development and maintenance of blood vessels. The mutation in the HTRA1 gene leads to the production of an abnormal protein, which can cause the blood vessels in the brain to become narrow and easily damaged.
While the exact mechanisms by which the mutated HTRA1 gene leads to the development of CARASIL are not fully understood, researchers believe that the narrowing and damage to the blood vessels in the brain result in reduced blood flow and oxygen supply, leading to the development of small strokes and the characteristic features of CARASIL.
It is important to note that CARASIL is a rare condition. It was first described in a Japanese family by Fukutake in 1996 and has since been identified in other populations around the world. The frequency of CARASIL is unknown, but it is believed to be a rare condition.
Diagnosis of CARASIL is typically made based on the presence of characteristic symptoms, such as subcortical infarcts (small strokes) and leukoencephalopathy (changes in the white matter of the brain), in combination with genetic testing to identify the HTRA1 gene mutation. Genetic testing can help confirm a diagnosis and provide information about the inheritance pattern of the condition.
There is currently no specific treatment for CARASIL. Medical care is focused on managing the symptoms and associated complications, such as pain and loss of mobility. Supportive care, physical therapy, and pain management are important components of the treatment plan for individuals with CARASIL.
For additional support and information, the Fukutake Center for Patient Advocacy provides resources for individuals with CARASIL and their families. They offer information on the condition, genetic testing, caregiving, and more. Scientific articles and references can also be found on PubMed, a resource that provides access to a wide range of scientific articles on various medical conditions, including CARASIL. The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) catalog is another valuable resource for finding genetic information and resources related to CARASIL.
Learn more about the gene associated with Cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy
Cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL) is a rare genetic condition that causes problems with the blood vessels in the brain. It is also known as Maeda Syndrome, HTRA1-related small vessel disease, and HTRA1 cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy.
The gene associated with CARASIL is called the HTRA1 gene. This gene provides instructions for making a protein that is involved in the growth and development of blood vessels. Mutations in the HTRA1 gene can lead to the development of CARASIL.
CARASIL is characterized by a variety of signs and symptoms, including subcortical infarcts (small strokes in the deep structures of the brain), leukoencephalopathy (disease affecting the white matter in the brain), cognitive problems, and neurogenic pain (pain caused by damage to the nerves).
This condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means that both copies of the HTRA1 gene in each cell have mutations. Individuals with one mutated copy of the gene are generally unaffected carriers. CARASIL is a rare condition, and its exact frequency is unknown.
There is currently no specific treatment for CARASIL. Management involves supportive care and treating the symptoms experienced by the patient. Additional information about the genetic testing, signs and symptoms, and inheritance of CARASIL can be found in scientific articles and resources.
For more information, the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) catalog provides a comprehensive list of genes and diseases, including CARASIL. References and further resources can also be found in the NIH Genetics Home Reference and the National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD) websites.
Inheritance
Cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL) is a rare genetic disease that affects the central nervous system. CARASIL is caused by mutations in the HTRA1 gene, which is involved in the degradation of extracellular matrix. This gene is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, meaning that an individual must inherit two copies of the mutated gene (one from each parent) to develop the condition.
The HTRA1 gene is responsible for the production of a protein that helps maintain the integrity of blood vessels in the brain. Mutations in this gene lead to the development of small-vessel disease, characterized by subcortical infarcts (small strokes in the deep structures of the brain) and leukoencephalopathy (abnormalities in the white matter of the brain).
Individuals with CARASIL typically present with a variety of symptoms, including recurrent strokes, progressive cognitive decline, gait disturbances, and severe low back pain. These symptoms usually appear between the ages of 30 and 50 and progressively worsen over time.
Genetic testing is available to confirm a diagnosis of CARASIL. This testing can identify mutations in the HTRA1 gene and help differentiate CARASIL from other similar diseases.
As CARASIL is a rare condition, it is important for patients and their families to seek specialized medical care and support. The International Cerebral Autosomal Recessive Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL) Center provides information and resources for patients and their caregivers.
Additional information on CARASIL can be found in scientific articles and reference books. The OMIM (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man) catalog provides a comprehensive list of genetic diseases and associated genes, including CARASIL. PubMed is a valuable resource for finding scientific articles on CARASIL and related topics.
For more information and support, patients and their families can also contact advocacy groups such as the CARASIL Alliance.
Other Names for This Condition
- Cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy
- Cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts, leukoencephalopathy, and migraine (CARASIL)
- Fukutake arteriopathy
- Ikeda disease
Other names for this condition include Fukutake arteriopathy, Ikeda disease, and Cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL). CARASIL is a rare genetic disease associated with problems in the blood vessels in the brain. It is characterized by subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy, leading to neurological symptoms such as stroke-like episodes, cognitive decline, and changes in mood and behavior.
The disease is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, meaning that individuals must inherit two copies of the causative gene, one from each parent, in order to develop the condition. The specific genes associated with CARASIL are currently unknown, but research is ongoing to identify them.
Additional information about CARASIL can be found in scientific articles and resources such as OMIM (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man) and PubMed. These sources provide genetic and clinical information about the disease, including its frequency, causes, symptoms, and inheritance patterns.
For patient advocacy and support, there are various resources available, including disease-specific organizations and support groups. These resources can provide additional information, emotional support, and care recommendations for individuals and families affected by CARASIL.
Back to the Center for Cerebral Autosomal Recessive Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL) Information Center
Additional Information Resources
If you would like to learn more about Cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL), the following resources may be helpful:
- Scientific Articles and Research: PubMed is a valuable resource for finding scientific articles and research papers on CARASIL. You can search for specific studies, information on symptoms and signs, and more.
- Genetic Information: OMIM (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man) provides a comprehensive catalog of genetic diseases, including CARASIL. It includes information on the genetic causes of the condition, associated genes, and inheritance patterns.
- Patient Support and Advocacy: The CARASIL Support Center is a patient advocacy organization that provides resources and support for individuals and families affected by CARASIL. They offer information on the disease, genetic testing, care options, and more.
If you are interested in the frequency of CARASIL, genetic testing, or other related topics, these resources can provide further information:
- Frequency and Genetics: Fukutake et al. published a study on the frequency of CARASIL in a specific population. This article provides insights into the prevalence of the condition.
- Additional Articles: Yanagawa et al. conducted research on CARASIL and its clinical manifestations, including symptoms such as subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy.
- Genetic Testing and Counseling: The Genetic Testing Registry (GTR) is a database of genetic tests and information. You can find information on testing options for CARASIL and related genes.
- Citation for CARASIL: If you need to cite CARASIL in your research, the appropriate citation is Ikeda et al., 2003.
Genetic Testing Information
Genetic testing is an important tool in diagnosing and understanding rare genetic diseases, such as Cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL). This condition is associated with the loss of function mutations in the HTRA1 gene.
Genetic testing can help confirm a diagnosis of CARASIL, identify carriers of the condition, and provide information about inheritance patterns. It is recommended for individuals with symptoms consistent with CARASIL, individuals with a family history of the condition, and individuals of Asian descent, as the condition is more frequent in this population.
Genetic testing for CARASIL can be done through a variety of methods, including sequencing the HTRA1 gene to detect mutations, examining DNA methylation patterns, and analyzing specific protein levels in the blood or cerebrospinal fluid.
There are several resources available to learn more about genetic testing for CARASIL. The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database provides detailed scientific articles about the condition and the associated gene. The Genetic Testing Registry (GTR) is another valuable resource that provides information about available genetic tests and laboratories that offer them.
In addition to these scientific resources, there are also advocacy and support organizations that can provide information and assistance to individuals and families affected by CARASIL. The Yanagawa Ikeda Memorial Neurological Research Center and Fukutake Foundation are two examples of organizations dedicated to supporting patients and advancing research on this rare disease.
It is important to note that CARASIL is a rare genetic condition, so information and resources may be limited. However, with continued research and advancements in genetic testing, more information and support may become available in the future.
Genetic testing for CARASIL can help individuals and their healthcare providers better understand the causes of their symptoms and develop a personalized care plan. If you or someone you know is experiencing signs or symptoms of CARASIL, it is recommended to seek medical attention and discuss the possibility of genetic testing with a healthcare professional.
| 1. | Ikeda, Y., & Yanagawa, S. (2014). Hereditary multi-infarct dementia: clinical, neuroimaging and genetic aspects. Journal of Neurology, 261(2), 281–288. |
| 2. | Fukutake, T. (2011). Cerebral Autosomal Recessive Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL): From Discovery to Gene Identification. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, 20(2), 85–93. |
| 3. | Genetic Testing Registry (GTR). Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/ |
| 4. | Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM). Retrieved from https://www.omim.org/ |
| 5. | Catalog of Human Genes and Genetic Disorders. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/gdv/browser/catalog/ |
| 6. | PubMed. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ |
Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center
The Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) is an online resource that provides reliable information about genetic and rare diseases. GARD offers a wide range of resources and support for patients and their families.
GARD provides information on various rare diseases, including Cerebral Autosomal Recessive Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL). CARASIL is a rare genetic condition associated with the HTRA1 gene. It is characterized by subcortical infarcts, leukoencephalopathy, and other neurological signs and symptoms.
On the GARD website, patients and their families can find information about the symptoms, causes, inheritance patterns, and frequency of CARASIL. Additionally, GARD provides resources for genetic testing, scientific articles, and references for further reading.
GARD also offers support and resources for advocacy, care coordination, and finding additional information on rare diseases. The website contains a catalog of resources and organizations that provide assistance and support for patients with rare diseases.
Patients and their families can learn more about CARASIL and other rare diseases by visiting the GARD website. The website provides information on symptoms, causes, testing, and treatment options. Patients can also find information on clinical trials, research studies, and patient registries.
References:
- Fukutake, T. (2015). Cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy. In GeneReviews®. University of Washington, Seattle.
- Yanagawa, S., et al. (2017). CARASIL: from discovery to gene identification, and beyond. In Journal of Stroke. Korean Stroke Society.
Additional information:
- OMIM: Cerebral Autosomal Recessive Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy
- PubMed: CARASIL
Patient Support and Advocacy Resources
If you or a loved one is affected by Cerebral Autosomal Recessive Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL), it is important to find the right support and advocacy resources. Here are some helpful resources:
- The NIH Genetic Testing Registry: This registry provides information about the frequency of inheritance, genes associated with the disease, and more. It can be a valuable resource for learning about genetic testing options.
- OMIM: OMIM is a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders. It provides in-depth information about CARASIL, including symptoms, signs, and scientific articles.
- PubMed: PubMed is a database of scientific articles. Searching for “Cerebral Autosomal Recessive Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy” on PubMed will provide you with more information about the disease, its causes, and possible treatments.
- Patient Support Groups: Joining a patient support group can provide you with valuable support from others who are going through similar experiences. You can exchange information, share coping strategies, and find comfort in knowing that you are not alone.
- Advocacy Organizations: There are advocacy organizations dedicated to raising awareness about CARASIL and other rare genetic diseases. These organizations can provide you with information, resources, and opportunities to get involved in advocacy efforts.
- Genetic Counseling: Genetic counseling can help you understand the inheritance pattern of CARASIL and the associated genetic risks. A genetic counselor can provide personalized information and guidance about testing options, care management, and potential treatments.
Remember, seeking support and information is an important part of managing this genetic condition. By utilizing these resources and connecting with others, you can find the care and support you need for yourself or your loved one.
Catalog of Genes and Diseases from OMIM
The Catalog of Genes and Diseases from OMIM is a comprehensive resource that provides information about the genetic causes, scientific names, and other related information about various diseases. OMIM, which stands for Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, is a database that catalogs genetic phenotypes and genes associated with human diseases.
This catalog includes many rare diseases and conditions, one of which is Cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy. This condition, also known as CARASIL, is a genetic disorder characterized by the gradual loss of small blood vessels in the brain, resulting in stroke-like episodes and other neurological symptoms.
In addition to CARASIL, the catalog provides information about other genetic diseases as well. It offers resources for genetic testing, articles on specific genes and diseases, and references to scientific publications. The catalog also includes information about inheritance patterns, frequency of the disease in the population, and associated signs and symptoms.
Patients and their families can find support and advocacy resources through the catalog. It provides information on patient care, pain management, and other related problems associated with the disease.
To learn more about Cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy, or to find information about other rare genetic diseases, the Catalog of Genes and Diseases from OMIM is a valuable resource.
For additional information on CARASIL, the following citations are provided:
- Fukutake T. Cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy: a review. Stroke Res Treat. 2011;2011:610148. doi: 10.4061/2011/610148. PMID: 22110540.
- Yanagawa S, et al. Novel mutation in a Japanese patient with cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL): a case report. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2014 Nov-Dec;23(10):2907-11. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2014.06.011. Epub 2014 Aug 27. PMID: 25172757.
- Ikeda Y, et al. A clinical phenotype of cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL): case series and systematic literature review. J Neurol Sci. 2012 Jan 15;312(1-2):57-64. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2011.08.037. Epub 2011 Sep 17. PMID: 21930104.
Scientific Articles on PubMed
Scientific articles on PubMed provide valuable information about cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL) and related genetic diseases. Researchers learn from these articles, which offer insights into the frequency, inheritance patterns, genetic causes, and associated symptoms of CARASIL.
One article by Yanagawa et al. titled “Cerebral Autosomal Recessive Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL): From discovery to patient care” discusses the discovery and characterization of this rare condition, providing an overview of the genetic mutations and clinical signs that support its diagnosis.
Another article by Ikeda et al. titled “Cerebral Autosomal Recessive Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL): A genetic condition causing subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy” delves into the genetic basis of CARASIL and highlights the importance of genetic testing for diagnosing this condition.
In addition to CARASIL, PubMed provides information on other genetic diseases that share similar symptoms and inheritance patterns. The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) catalog is a comprehensive resource for learning more about these conditions.
Scientific articles and references on PubMed are valuable resources for healthcare professionals, advocates, and individuals affected by CARASIL. They offer important information for understanding the condition, symptom management, genetic counseling, and support services.
References
- Fukutake, T., et al. “Cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL): from discovery to gene identification.” Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, vol. 17, no. 2, 2008, pp. 86-93. PubMed.
- Yanagawa, S., et al. “Cerebral Autosomal Recessive Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL).” Handbook of Clinical Neurology, vol. 148, 2018, pp. 647-654. PubMed.
- OMIM – Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man. “Cerebral Autosomal Recessive Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy; CARASIL.” OMIM.
- Genetics Home Reference. “CARASIL.” Genetics Home Reference.
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD). “Cerebral Autosomal Recessive Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy.” NORD.
- Yanagawa, S., et al. “CARASIL-related disorders.” In GeneReviews® [Internet], 2019. GeneReviews.