Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is a rare genetic heart condition that affects the myocardium, the muscle of the right ventricle of the heart. Also known as arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, this condition is characterized by abnormal heart rhythms and structural changes in the right ventricle.

Studies have shown that ARVC has a genetic basis, with mutations in certain genes being associated with its development. More than a dozen genes have been identified so far, with the frequency of genetic mutations varying among different populations and individuals.

The exact causes of ARVC are not fully understood, but there are several factors that have been found to increase the risk of developing this condition. Inheritance of certain genetic mutations is one of the main risk factors, but it can also occur without a family history. Other factors, such as intense exercise and other heart diseases, can also contribute to its development.

In this article, we will catalog and provide additional information on ARVC, including the latest scientific research, clinical trials, and resources for support and advocacy. Researchers and patients alike can learn more about this rare condition from the references and articles provided, which include information on genetic testing, exercise recommendations, and more. The aim is to ensure that those affected by ARVC have access to the most up-to-date information and support needed to manage this condition effectively.

Frequency

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is a rare genetic condition that affects the myocardium, specifically the right ventricle of the heart. It is estimated to occur in 1 in every 5,000 to 10,000 individuals.

ARVC has an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern, meaning that an affected individual has a 50% chance of passing the condition on to their children. However, it is important to note that not all individuals with a genetic predisposition to ARVC will develop the condition, and there are likely additional factors, such as environmental and lifestyle influences, that contribute to the risk of developing ARVC.

Several genes have been associated with ARVC, including but not limited to Desmoplakin (DSP), Plakophilin-2 (PKP2), and Desmin (DES). These genes are involved in the formation and maintenance of desmosomes, which are specialized structures that help to anchor cardiac cells together and maintain the structural integrity of the heart muscle.

ARVC can present with a wide range of clinical symptoms, including palpitations, lightheadedness, and syncope (fainting). Exercise and physical exertion can trigger arrhythmias in individuals with ARVC, and sudden cardiac death may occur, particularly during strenuous activity.

Diagnosing ARVC can be challenging, as it often involves a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging tests (such as echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging), genetic testing, and electrophysiological studies. Furthermore, ARVC can sometimes be difficult to differentiate from other conditions, such as idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and other non-desmosomal genetic causes of arrhythmogenic ventricular cardiomyopathies.

Treatment options for ARVC focus on managing symptoms, reducing the risk of arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death, and preserving cardiac function. This can include medication therapy, implantation of an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD), lifestyle modifications (such as avoiding intense exercise), and regular monitoring and follow-up with a specialized center for ARVC care.

There is ongoing research into the genetic causes and mechanisms of ARVC, as well as the development of new treatment options. The scientific community and advocacy organizations, such as the Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy Association (ARVC Association), provide support, resources, and information for patients and researchers.

If you would like to learn more about ARVC, its genetic causes, or ongoing research and clinical trials, you can find additional information in scientific articles and resources available through PubMed, OMIM (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man), and ClinicalTrials.gov.

Causes

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is a rare genetic condition that causes abnormal heart rhythms. It is characterized by the progressive replacement of the myocardium (the heart muscle) with fibrous and fatty tissue.

ARVC is primarily caused by mutations in genes encoding proteins of the cardiac desmosomes, which are structures that help hold the myocardium together. The genes most commonly associated with ARVC include PKP2, DSP, DSG2, DSC2, and JUP. Mutations in these genes can disrupt the normal functioning of the desmosomes, leading to the detachment of heart muscle cells and the replacement of normal myocardium with fibrous tissue.

ARVC has an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance, which means that an affected individual has a 50% chance of passing the condition on to each of their children. However, it is important to note that not all individuals with an ARVC-associated gene mutation will develop symptoms or have a positive diagnosis of ARVC, indicating that additional factors may contribute to the development of the disease.

ARVC can also be caused by mutations in non-desmosomal genes, although these are less common. Examples of non-desmosomal genes associated with ARVC include TTN, PLN, and LMNA. These gene mutations can disrupt various cellular processes in the myocardium and contribute to the development of ARVC.

It is believed that the abnormal heart rhythms seen in ARVC may be triggered by exercise or strenuous physical activity. This can lead to a mismatch in the force exerted on the myocardium during contraction, leading to cell detachment and fibro-fatty replacement.

For more information on the specific genes associated with ARVC and related genetic testing resources, researchers and patients can refer to resources such as OMIM, the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man catalog, as well as articles and studies available on PubMed.

Learn more about the genes associated with Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is a rare inherited heart disease characterized by abnormal heart rhythms and progressive damage to the myocardium, the muscular tissue of the heart. It is estimated to affect 1 in 2,500 to 1 in 5,000 individuals worldwide. Genetic mutations in several genes have been associated with the development of ARVC.

ARVC has an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern, which means that a person has a 50% chance of inheriting the condition if one of their parents carries the mutated gene. However, in some cases, ARVC can also occur sporadically, without a known family history.

The most common genetic cause of ARVC is mutations in genes encoding proteins of the cardiac desmosomes, which are cell-to-cell junctions in the heart that help maintain the structural integrity of the myocardium. Mutations in genes like PKP2, DSP, and DSG2 have been found to be major contributors to ARVC. However, recent research has also identified non-desmosomal genes that are associated with the development of the disease.

Additional information about the genetic basis of ARVC and the specific genes involved can be found in scientific articles and databases. Several resources provide comprehensive information on the genetics of ARVC, including the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) catalog and the Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD). These resources provide detailed information on the genetics, inheritance patterns, and clinical manifestations of ARVC.

Furthermore, ongoing research studies and clinical trials are being conducted to better understand the genetic causes and develop effective treatments for ARVC. The National Institutes of Health’s clinicaltrials.gov database provides a comprehensive catalog of ongoing studies and trials related to ARVC. Participating in these studies can help support scientific research and advance the understanding and treatment of ARVC.

In conclusion, the genes associated with Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy play a significant role in the development and progression of this rare cardiomyopathy. Understanding the genetic basis of ARVC can contribute to better diagnosis, management, and treatment of the disease. Further research and collaboration among clinicians, researchers, and patients are essential for advancing our knowledge of ARVC and improving patient outcomes.

Inheritance

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) has a genetic basis, with inheritance patterns that can vary. It is considered a non-desmosomal genetic cardiomyopathy, meaning that it is not caused by mutations in the desmosomal genes.

ARVC has an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern, which means that a person has a 50% chance of inheriting the condition from an affected parent. However, it is also possible for ARVC to occur spontaneously, without a family history, due to new genetic mutations.

Several genes have been associated with ARVC, including PKP2, DSP, DSG2, DSC2, JUP, and TMEM43. These genes are involved in cell-cell adhesion in the heart muscle and play a role in maintaining the structural integrity of the myocardium.

Genetic testing can be done to identify mutations in these genes, which can help confirm a diagnosis of ARVC and provide information about the patient’s risk for developing the condition or passing it on to future generations.

Studies have shown that the frequency of genetic mutations in ARVC patients can vary depending on the population being studied. For example, PKP2 mutations are more common in European populations, while DSG2 mutations are more common in the Dutch population.

Additional research is ongoing to better understand the genetic causes of ARVC and to develop more accurate genetic testing methods. Clinicaltrials.gov and PubMed are valuable resources for researchers and clinicians to learn more about the latest scientific studies and clinical trials related to ARVC and other rare genetic cardiomyopathies.

Other Names for This Condition

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is also known by several other names. Some of these alternative names include:

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy (ARVD/C)
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD)
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular form of cardiomyopathy
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, familial 1
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, familial 2
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, familial 3
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, familial 4
ARVC
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy
ARVD

These names are often used interchangeably to refer to the same condition. The terms “dysplasia” and “cardiomyopathy” both refer to the abnormal development or structure of the myocardium (the muscle tissue of the heart). The condition is primarily associated with abnormalities in the desmosomal genes, but non-desmosomal genes have also been identified as causes.

It is important to note that ARVC is a rare disease, and there is limited information available about its frequency and inheritance patterns. Additional research studies and clinical trials are ongoing to further understand the causes, risk factors, and treatment options for this condition.

For more information about ARVC, you can refer to the following resources:

Scientific articles: Many scientific articles related to ARVC can be found on PubMed, a widely used database of biomedical literature.
OMIM (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man): OMIM is a comprehensive catalog of human genes and genetic conditions. It provides detailed information about the genetic basis of ARVC and related conditions.
Advocacy and support organizations: There are various advocacy and support organizations that provide resources and support for patients and their families affected by ARVC. These organizations can often provide additional information about the condition and connect patients with researchers or clinical testing options.

By learning more about ARVC and staying up to date with the latest scientific research, patients and their families can better understand the condition and seek appropriate medical care and support.

Additional Information Resources

The OMIM database provides information on the autosomal dominant inheritance, gene names, and scientific articles related to arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy.
The OMIM database also contains information on other arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy genes and associated clinical conditions.
The PubMed database offers access to a wide range of research articles, scientific studies, and clinical trials on arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy.
For more information on arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, the Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia/Cardiomyopathy Association provides resources for patients, advocacy support, and additional information.
The Force for the Diagnosis of Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy (arvc.force-group.org) provides information about genetic testing, clinical studies, and the latest research and articles on the condition.
Exercise and genetics are factors that can increase the risk of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. To learn more about these factors, visit the American Heart Association and search for arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy.

Genetic Testing Information

Genetic testing plays a crucial role in the diagnosis and management of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC). By identifying specific genetic mutations associated with the disease, genetic testing can provide important information about the underlying causes of ARVC and help guide treatment decisions.

Researchers have identified several genes that can cause ARVC when mutated. The most commonly implicated genes are those encoding desmosomal proteins, which help maintain the structural integrity of the myocardium. However, there are also non-desmosomal genes associated with ARVC, highlighting the genetic heterogeneity of the condition.

Genetic testing can be particularly helpful in cases where clinical criteria alone are insufficient to establish a diagnosis of ARVC. It can also identify individuals at risk of developing the disease, allowing for closer monitoring and preventive measures.

There are several resources available for patients and healthcare providers to learn more about genetic testing for ARVC. These include scientific articles, research studies, and advocacy organizations that provide further information and support.

For more information on genetic testing for ARVC, the following resources may be helpful:

OMIM Database: This online catalog of human genes and genetic disorders provides information on the inheritance patterns, clinical features, and genetic testing availability for various diseases, including ARVC. [1]
PubMed: This database of scientific articles can be used to find published research studies on the genetic basis of ARVC and the latest advances in genetic testing methods. [2]
ClinicalTrials.gov: This website provides information on ongoing clinical trials related to ARVC and genetic testing. It can help individuals find opportunities to participate in research studies and gain access to cutting-edge genetic testing technologies. [3]
Genetic Testing Laboratories: There are several laboratories that offer genetic testing services for ARVC. These laboratories can provide detailed information on the specific genes tested, testing methodologies, and interpretation of the test results.
ARVC Advocacy Groups: Various advocacy organizations are dedicated to supporting individuals and families affected by ARVC. These groups often provide resources and educational materials on genetic testing and can connect individuals with genetic counselors and other experts in the field.

Genetic testing for ARVC is an important tool in the diagnosis and management of this rare condition. It can provide valuable information about the underlying causes of the disease and help guide treatment decisions. By utilizing the available resources and staying informed about the latest research and advancements, patients and healthcare providers can ensure that genetic testing is used effectively to improve patient outcomes.

References:

Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM). [Internet]. Available from: https://www.omim.org
PubMed. [Internet]. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov. [Internet]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov

Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center

The Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) provides information about arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) and other genetic and rare diseases. GARD is a program of the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) and is funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH).

ARVC is a genetic condition that affects the myocardium, the muscle tissue of the right ventricle of the heart. It is characterized by irregular heartbeats, which can lead to abnormal heart rhythms and potentially life-threatening events.

ARVC is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, which means a person with one affected gene has a 50% chance of passing the condition to each of their children. There are certain genes associated with ARVC, including desmosomal genes (PKP2, DSP, DSC2, JUP) and non-desmosomal genes (TAZ, LMNA, PLN, SCN5A).

When ARVC is suspected, genetic testing can be done to confirm the diagnosis. Genetic testing can identify mutations in the genes associated with ARVC and help determine the risk of developing the condition.

GARD provides a comprehensive catalog of articles about ARVC and other rare diseases. These articles include information on the signs and symptoms, causes, inheritance, frequency, and treatment options for ARVC.

In addition to articles, GARD also provides additional resources and information for patients, families, researchers, and healthcare providers. These resources include links to scientific studies, clinical trials, genetic counseling services, and patient support organizations.

Researchers can find references to scientific articles on ARVC in databases such as PubMed and OMIM. These articles provide valuable information about the genetics, clinical features, and management of ARVC.

By providing accurate and up-to-date information, GARD aims to support patients, families, and healthcare providers in understanding and managing ARVC and other rare genetic conditions. GARD also advocates for more research into the causes and treatment of these diseases.

For more information about ARVC and other rare genetic diseases, visit the GARD website or contact the GARD Information Center directly.

Patient Support and Advocacy Resources

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is a rare condition that is caused by mutations in several genes. Some of these genes are desmosomal, meaning they are involved in the structure and function of cell-to-cell connections. However, there are also non-desmosomal genes that have been found to be associated with ARVC.

When a patient is diagnosed with ARVC, it is important for them to have access to support and advocacy resources. These resources can provide information about the condition, connect patients with others who have the same disease, and help them navigate the healthcare system.

Here are some patient support and advocacy resources for ARVC:

ARVC-D Information Center: This center provides information about ARVC and related diseases, including signs and symptoms, causes, testing, and inheritance patterns. It also offers resources for patients and their families.
The ARVC Project: This organization conducts research on ARVC and related diseases. Their website includes information about ongoing studies and clinical trials, as well as resources for patients and families.
OMIM: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) is a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders. It provides detailed information about the genes that have been associated with ARVC, as well as links to scientific articles and additional resources.
PubMed: PubMed is a database of scientific articles, including studies on ARVC and related diseases. Patients and their families can use PubMed to learn more about the latest research in the field.
Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center: This resource provides information about rare diseases, including ARVC. It offers a database of genetic conditions, as well as links to patient support groups and clinical trials.
ARRhythmogenic Right VEntricular Cardiomyopathy/Dysplasia Association (ARVC/D Association): This association provides support and resources for patients and families affected by ARVC and related diseases. Their website includes information about the condition, patient stories, and links to clinical resources.

Research Studies from ClinicalTrialsgov

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is a rare genetic condition that affects the myocardium, the muscle tissue of the right ventricle. It is characterized by abnormal heart rhythms, known as arrhythmias, and can lead to sudden cardiac death. ARVC is often inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, meaning that if one parent carries the gene mutation, there is a 50% chance of passing it on to each child.

Researchers and scientists are conducting numerous research studies to better understand the genetic causes and associated risk factors of ARVC. ClinicalTrialsgov, a valuable resource for information on ongoing clinical trials and studies, provides a comprehensive catalog of research studies related to ARVC and other genetic cardiomyopathies.

The studies listed on ClinicalTrialsgov aim to investigate various aspects of ARVC, including the genetic mutations involved, the frequency of the condition, and additional causes and risk factors. These studies often involve patient recruitment for genetic testing, clinical evaluations, and monitoring of cardiac function.

Some of the ongoing research studies on ARVC include:

Genetic testing and counseling for ARVC patients and their families to identify specific gene mutations associated with the condition.
Investigation of exercise-induced arrhythmias in individuals with ARVC to understand how physical activity affects heart rhythm.
An examination of the inheritance patterns and genetic factors involved in ARVC and the related condition arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD).
A study on the role of specific genes in the development and progression of ARVC, using animal models and laboratory experiments.

These research studies aim to provide scientific evidence and valuable information for both healthcare professionals and patients affected by ARVC. By understanding the genetic causes and associated risk factors of the condition, researchers hope to develop new diagnostic tools, treatment options, and preventive strategies to improve patient outcomes.

For more information about research studies related to ARVC and genetic cardiomyopathies, researchers, healthcare professionals, and patients can visit the ClinicalTrialsgov website. In addition to the research studies listed on ClinicalTrialsgov, other resources such as OMIM and PubMed can provide additional articles and references on the topic.

Catalog of Genes and Diseases from OMIM

The Center for Heartbeat Dysplasia and Cardiomyopathy Studies is a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, and patients interested in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC). This condition is a rare genetic disorder that causes abnormalities in the myocardium of the right ventricle, leading to an increased risk of arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death.

The catalog of genes and diseases from OMIM (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man) provides information on the genetic causes of ARVC and other related diseases. This catalog includes a comprehensive list of genes associated with ARVC, along with their links to scientific articles, clinical trials, and advocacy resources.

By studying these genes, researchers can learn more about the underlying causes of ARVC and develop new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. The catalog also includes information on non-desmosomal genes that are associated with the development of ARVC, expanding our understanding of this complex condition.

Patient advocacy groups and clinical testing centers can use the catalog to access up-to-date information on ARVC genes and the frequency of their occurrence in different populations. This information can help healthcare professionals provide more accurate diagnoses and prognoses to patients and guide treatment decisions.

For scientific researchers, the catalog provides a comprehensive list of references from OMIM, PubMed, and other reliable sources. These references can be used to support scientific articles, further advancing our knowledge of ARVC and related diseases.

Additionally, the catalog includes a list of clinical trials related to ARVC, allowing patients and researchers to stay informed about ongoing research efforts. These trials aim to uncover new genetic causes of ARVC, develop novel therapies, and explore the effects of exercise and other lifestyle factors on the condition.

In conclusion, the catalog of genes and diseases from OMIM is a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, and patients seeking information about arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy and related diseases. It provides a comprehensive list of genes associated with the condition, along with links to additional scientific articles, clinical trials, and advocacy resources. By utilizing this catalog, we can advance our understanding of the condition, improve clinical care, and support further research efforts.

Scientific Articles on PubMed

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is a rare genetic condition associated with abnormalities in the myocardium of the right ventricle. It can cause irregular heartbeats (arrhythmias) and can lead to serious complications such as heart failure and sudden cardiac death.

Researchers and scientists have conducted numerous studies to understand the causes, risk factors, and treatment options for ARVC. PubMed, a comprehensive catalog of scientific articles, is a valuable resource for accessing information on this condition. Here are some scientific articles on PubMed related to ARVC:

“Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia: a review and update” – This article provides an overview of the condition, including its clinical features, genetic causes, and treatment options. It discusses the latest research on ARVC and highlights the importance of genetic testing and counseling for patients and their families. (PubMed ID: 29286977)
“Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy” – This article discusses the genetics and inheritance patterns of ARVC. It explores the role of various genes in the development of the disease and provides an update on the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying ARVC. (PubMed ID: 27742579)
“Advocacy resources for arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy” – This article focuses on the advocacy and support resources available for patients and families affected by ARVC. It provides information on patient support groups, organizations, and online communities that offer guidance, education, and emotional support to individuals living with ARVC. (PubMed ID: 30814214)
“Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: a multidisciplinary task” – This article highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in the diagnosis and management of ARVC. It emphasizes the collaboration between different medical specialties, such as cardiologists, geneticists, and electrophysiologists, in providing optimal care for patients with ARVC. (PubMed ID: 33446466)

These articles provide valuable scientific information on ARVC and can serve as a starting point for further research and learning about this rare genetic condition. They offer insights into the genes associated with ARVC, the frequency and risk factors of the disease, and the clinical trials and treatment options available for patients. PubMed is a reliable source for accessing more scientific articles and references on ARVC.

References

McKoy G, Protonotarios N, Crosby A, et al. Identification of a deletion in plakoglobin in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy with palmoplantar keratoderma and woolly hair (Naxos disease). Lancet. 2000;355(9221):2119-2124.
Hauer RN, van Langen IM, Wilde AA. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy: clinical presentation and diagnostic evaluation: results from the North American Multidisciplinary Study. Heart Rhythm. 2004;1(2):177-183.
Peters S, Trümmel M, Meyners W. Prevalence of right ventricular dysplasia-cardiomyopathy in a non-referral hospital. Int J Cardiol. 2004;97(3):499-501.
Corrado D, Basso C, Thiene G, et al. Spectrum of clinicopathologic manifestations of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia: a multicenter study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997 Aug;30(6):1512-20.
Syrris P, Ward D, Asimaki A, et al. Desmoglein-2 mutations in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: a genotype-phenotype characterization of familial disease. Eur Heart J. 2007;28(5):581-588.
OMIM: Gene–665780 Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia 8. Accessed from: https://www.omim.org/entry/665780. Accessed on: 25 August 2021.
Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy/Dysplasia. National Organization for Rare Disorders. Accessed from: https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/arrhythmogenic-right-ventricular-cardiomyopathydysplasia/. Accessed on: 25 August 2021.
Hertz CL, Christiansen SL, Ferrero-Miliani L, et al. Incidence of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy in the young: a nationwide study. Europace. 2020 Nov 1;22(11):1601-1606.
Nava A, Thiene G, Canciani B, et al. Familial occurrence of right ventricular dysplasia: a study involving nine families. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1988;12(5):1222-1228.
ClinicalTrials.gov. Accessed from: https://www.clinicaltrialsgov/. Accessed on: 25 August 2021.
Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy. Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center. Accessed from: https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/9375/arrhythmogenic-right-ventricular-cardiomyopathy. Accessed on: 25 August 2021.