What to Know About Right Upper Quadrant Pain

If you have RUQ pain and symptoms that are consistent with a liver condition, you should see a doctor.

What Causes the Right Upper Quadrant Pain Under My Ribs?

Right upper quadrant pain can be caused by various conditions, including many that affect the liver, kidney, pancreas, gallbladder, and digestive system.

Your abdomen is divided into four quarters, or quadrants. Imagine a vertical line that divides your abdomen in half. Then, imagine a horizontal line at the level of your belly button. The uppermost quarter on your right-hand side is your right upper quadrant (RUQ).

The RUQ contains many important organs, including parts of your liver, right kidney, gallbladder, pancreas, and large and small intestine.

It’s important for you to pay attention to pain in your RUQ because it could be an indicator of a number of diseases or conditions. It can require emergency medical attention.

RUQ pain may vary in intensity depending on the underlying condition. The pain may feel like a dull ache or a sharp stabbing sensation.

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If you have had abdominal pains that last more than a few days, you should make an appointment with a doctor to have your symptoms evaluated.

However, some symptoms may indicate a medical emergency. You should seek medical help immediately if you have:

• severe abdominal pain
• fever
• persistent nausea and vomiting
• blood in your stool
• swelling or tenderness of your abdomen
• unexplained weight loss
• yellowish skin (jaundice)

Pain in the upper right quadrant can be a sign of many health conditions, some of which are serious.

If you experience pain that lasts longer than a few days, it is important to talk with a doctor to determine the cause and the best course of treatment for you.

You should also seek immediate medical attention if the pain is accompanied by other symptoms, including nausea or vomiting, fever, unintentional weight loss, or blood in the stool.

While some causes of RUQ pain may resolve on their own over time, other conditions associated with right upper quadrant pain can cause serious complications if left untreated.

Kidney problems

Kidney problems such as kidney stones, a urinary tract infection (UTI), a kidney infection, or kidney cancer can lead to RUQ pain.

Symptoms that can accompany RUQ pain due to a kidney problem include:

• pain that radiates to the lower back or groin
• painful urination
• foul-smelling urine
• frequent urination
• blood in your urine
• fever
• nausea or vomiting

If you have RUQ pain and suspect it may be due to a kidney problem, you should make an appointment with a doctor.

Liver conditions

Liver conditions can also lead to RUQ pain. Examples include hepatitis, a liver abscess, or liver cancer.

In addition to RUQ pain, other symptoms of a liver condition can include:

• yellowish skin (jaundice)
• abdominal tenderness
• nausea or vomiting
• darkened urine
• fever
• fatigue
• unexplained weight loss

If you have RUQ pain and symptoms that are consistent with a liver condition, you should see a doctor.

Preeclampsia

Preeclampsia is a condition that typically occurs in people who are at least 20 weeks into their pregnancy. It can also develop earlier in pregnancy, or, in some cases, postpartum.

The hallmark of preeclampsia is a rise in blood pressure, but RUQ pain often occurs as well.

Additional symptoms can include:

• severe headache
• nausea or vomiting
• decreased urination
• protein in urine
• kidney or liver problems
• blurred vision or sensitivity to light
• shortness of breath

A doctor typically monitors your blood pressure during prenatal care visits. However, if you experience preeclampsia symptoms such as RUQ pain, blurred vision, or shortness of breath, you should seek immediate medical care as it can be life threatening for both you and your baby if left untreated.

Gallbladder problems

Gallbladder problems, such as gallstones or choledocholithiasis, can cause RUQ pain. Choledocholithiasis is the presence of gallstones within your bile ducts.

RUQ pain due to gallstones may last several hours and most often occurs after a large meal or in the evening. Additional symptoms to look out for can include:

• nausea and vomiting
• fever
• chills
• darkened urine or light-colored stools
• yellowish skin (jaundice)

If you’re experiencing symptoms consistent with gallstones or choledocholithiasis, you should make an appointment with a doctor. Stones in the bile ducts can lead to serious complications.

Gastrointestinal issues

A variety of gastrointestinal issues can cause RUQ pain. These can include:

• Indigestion.Indigestion or an upset stomach refers to discomfort in your abdomen.
• Gastritis.Gastritis is the inflammation of your stomach lining and is often caused by infection.
• Peptic ulcers.Peptic ulcers or gastric ulcers are sores on the lining of the stomach.

Typically, the pain caused by these conditions is a dull, burning type of pain. Other symptoms can include :

• a feeling of uncomfortable fullness
• abdominal bloating
• burping or gas
• nausea or vomiting

While most cases of indigestion and gastritis are mild and will resolve themselves, you should meet with a doctor if you have symptoms for longer than 2 weeks . If you suspect that you have a peptic ulcer, you should talk with a doctor.

Pancreatic conditions

You can feel RUQ pain if your pancreas is inflamed, which is known as pancreatitis. The pain that you experience from pancreatitis slowly worsens over time. Additional symptoms can include :

• nausea or vomiting
• fever
• increase in heart rate

Most cases of pancreatitis require hospitalization for treatment.

Additional triggers for right upper quadrant pain

In addition to the conditions discussed above, other underlying conditions can trigger pain in your RUQ.

These can include:

Inflammation of the gallbladder (cholecystitis) is the most common diagnosable cause for pain in the right upper quadrant.

Cholecystitis usually occurs when the main opening to the gallbladder becomes blocked, either by a gallstone or biliary sludge. Though less common, it may also be caused by accidental damage to the gallbladder.

Oftentimes, right upper quadrant pain is also accompanied by other symptoms. These symptoms may include :

If you experience sudden and severe RUQ pain, it’s important to seek medical attention as soon as possible, especially if the pain lasts longer than a few hours or is accompanied by any of the symptoms listed above.

In order to diagnose the cause of your RUQ pain, a doctor will request your medical history and also perform a physical examination.

Additionally, they may order some tests to reach a diagnosis. These tests may include :

• a basic or comprehensive metabolic panel (BMP or CMP) to evaluate your liver function, blood cell counts, and electrolyte levels
• urinalysis to assess your kidney function or to check for a UTI or kidney stones
• stool culture to see if there are any pathogens present in your stool
• endoscopy to check for the presence of ulcers
• imaging tests, such as ultrasound, X-ray, or CT scan, to help see the inside of your abdomen or to check for the presence of stones

Treatment for RUQ pain is dependent on what’s causing it. Examples can include :

• pain relievers such as acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen to relieve discomfort
• antacids to help neutralize stomach acid
• medications such as proton pump inhibitors or acid blockers to reduce the amount of acid in your stomach or intestines
• antibiotics to kill bacteria that are causing an infection
• surgical procedures, such as those to remove stones or a tumor
• cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or immunotherapy

Typically, a doctor will try to avoid performing surgery whenever possible. It may be necessary for some conditions to avoid complications or the disease worsening.

For example, if gallstones that block a bile duct (choledocholithiasis) are not removed, there can be life threatening complications. In some cases, a doctor may remove your gallbladder completely.

If your kidney stones are too large to be passed naturally, a doctor may choose to use sound waves to break the stones into smaller pieces that can be passed. They may also use a scope to remove the stones.

If you are diagnosed with kidney cancer or liver cancer, surgery may be necessary to remove a tumor, depending on the cancer stage and severity.

Since your RUQ contains many important organs, it’s important to monitor RUQ pain and any additional symptoms in order to seek treatment in a timely manner and avoid complications.

Examples of potential complications include:

• kidney infection caused by an untreated UTI
• high blood pressure, kidney failure, or kidney scarring due to an untreated kidney infection
• low birth weight, preterm birth, organ damage, or death caused by unaddressed preeclampsia
• inflammation or infection of the gallbladder or pancreas due to untreated gallstones
• increased risk of ulcers or stomach cancer from untreated gastritis
• progression of cancers that are not caught early

You can help prevent some causes of RUQ pain by:

• eating a nutritious, well-rounded diet, which involves:
  • eating foods rich in fiber, such as whole grains, fruits, veggies, and legumes
  • choosing foods with healthy fats, such as olive oil, while limiting fried foods
  • limiting foods that contain refined carbohydrates, added sugar, and high amounts of sodium

  The possible causes of RUQ pain can vary. Some of them, such as indigestion, are common and will often go away on their own. Others, such as preeclampsia or pancreatitis, need to be addressed right away.

  Since your RUQ contains a variety of important organs, it’s important to monitor RUQ pain.

  If you’ve had RUQ pain for a week or longer, you should make an appointment to see a doctor. If you experience signs of a medical emergency, like severe pain that lasts longer than a few hours or fever in addition to RUQ pain, you may need emergency medical attention.

  Last medically reviewed on July 20, 2022

  What to Know About Right Upper Quadrant Pain

  Several health conditions can cause pain in the right upper quadrant (RUQ) of your abdomen.

  What Is RUQ Pain?

  Pain in your abdomen can be hard to diagnose because it holds so many organs. Doctors describe your abdomen in sections or quadrants to help find the organs that might be the cause of any health problems.

  The right upper quadrant, or the RUQ, has many important organs that affect your health. It’s important to pay attention to pain in this area. These include:

  • Liver
  • Gallbladder
  • Large intestine
  • Small intestine
  • Stomach
  • Pancreas
  • Right kidney

  To find this section, look down at your belly and imagine a vertical line through the center. Then imagine a second horizontal line across your belly. This divides your abdomen into four sections. The upper right section near your ribs is the right upper quadrant.

  Symptoms of Right Upper Quadrant Pain

  Depending on the organ involved, you might have many different symptoms along with the pain in your abdomen. These might include:

  • Fever
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Diarrhea
  • Swelling in your abdomen
  • Yellow skin
  • Blood in your stool
  • Tenderness in your abdomen
  • Pain when you take a breath

  You might experience different kinds of pain. Most of the time, pain in your abdomen is minor and simply a discomfort. Depending on the organ and the condition, sometimes these can be serious.

  Severe abdominal pain. Acute and severe pain comes on very quickly. This kind of sudden pain usually means something serious is happening.

  ‌Visceral pain. This pain comes from your organs, which are called the viscera. Visceral pain is a response to your organs stretching or the surrounding muscles contracting. Visceral pain is usually:

  • Dull
  • Vague
  • Nauseating
  • Hard to pinpoint

  Referred pain. Sometimes problems with organs in your abdomen might cause pain in a different part of your body. For example, a problem with your gallbladder might cause pain in your abdomen but also in your right shoulder. This is called referred pain.

  Somatic pain. This kind of pain comes from nerves responding to a problem in the abdominal cavity. You have a membrane that lines your abdomen called the peritoneum. The nerves here can respond to irritation or cutting. This usually gives you very sharp pain that’s easy to pinpoint.

  This kind of pain is usually caused by infections in your organs. Liquids leak out and irritate the lining, causing pain and a condition called peritonitis.

  Causes of Right Upper Quadrant Pain

  There can be several causes for right upper quadrant pain. The most common causes include:

  • Gallbladder problems
  • Gallstones
  • Cholecystitis
  • Kidney problems
  • Infection
  • Kidney stones
  • Urinary tract infection
  • Cancer
  • Pancreas problems
  • Pancreatitis
  • Peritonitis
  • Stomach problems
  • Peptic ulcers
  • Indigestion
  • Gastritis
  • Liver problems
  • Infection
  • Abscess
  • Inflammation

  In some cases like indigestion and gastritis, this might cause mild symptoms like burping, gas, bloating, and pain. This can be caused by eating certain foods and may be minor.

  Other conditions like sudden pancreatitis and peritonitis are serious and might cause sudden and severe symptoms.

  Treatment for Right Upper Quadrant Pain

  The cause of your pain will determine the kind of treatment you get.

  Your doctor will do different tests to determine the cause. This might include a physical examination where they feel and tap your abdomen. This is called palpating.

  They will feel your abdomen for masses, if you involuntarily contract your muscles during touch, if the muscles stay tight even when they’re not being touched, or if you flinch with pain. They will also look for how sensitive you are to touch. If you have these signs, you might have peritonitis.

  Your doctor might also do other tests, including:

  • Computed tomography (CT) scan
  • Ultrasound
  • Blood test
  • Urine tests

  These tests can help look for inflammation and swelling in your organs. Urine tests will help identify kidney stones or infections.

  Your doctor will treat you depending on what these tests show. You might receive:

  • Antibiotics for infections
  • Antacids for indigestion
  • Surgery to remove stones
  • Hospitalization for surgery and to receive fluids
  • Pancreatic enzymes for pancreas support
  • Pain relievers

  It’s a good idea not to take pain relievers, though, until you figure out what’s causing the problem. Pain relievers can sometimes mask a more serious condition, which could harm your health.

  Emergency Signs of Right Upper Quadrant Pain

  Pain in the right upper quadrant can be a sign of a serious health condition. If you have the following symptoms, you should go to the hospital right away:

  • Severe pain
  • Fast heartbeat
  • Sweating
  • Confusion
  • Low blood pressure
  • Swelling in your abdomen
  • Pain that makes you double over
  • Pain that gets worse when you touch your abdomen
  • Throwing up blood
  • Throwing up what looks like coffee grounds

  If you don’t have emergency signs but have pain and other symptoms, you should see your doctor within a day.

  Show Sources

  American Family Physician: “Evaluation of Acute Abdominal Pain in Adults.”

  Merck Manual Consumer Version: “Acute Abdominal Pain,” “Acute Pancreatitis.”

  Right Upper Quadrant Pain

  This leaflet looks at pains which can develop in the upper part of the tummy (abdomen) on your right-hand side. It deals with possible causes, how a diagnosis might be made and what the treatment might be.

  Right Upper Quadrant Pain

  In this article

  • Where is my right upper quadrant?
  • Which organs are in my right upper quadrant?
  • What can cause upper right abdominal pain?
  • What are the most common causes of right upper quadrant pain?
  • What are the most common causes of right upper quadrant pain in pregnancy?
  • What are the most common causes of right upper quadrant pain in children?
  • What are the other possible causes?
  • Should I see a doctor for upper right abdominal pain?
  • How will they find the cause of the pain?
  • What are the usual tests for right upper quadrant pain?
  • What other tests might be needed?
  • What if no cause is found after tests?
  • What is the treatment for right upper quadrant pain?
  • What is the outlook?

  Where is my right upper quadrant?

  The right upper quadrant (RUQ) is a section of your tummy (abdomen). Look down at your tummy, and mentally divide the area from the bottom of your ribs down to your pubes into four quarters. The quarter on your right side closest to your ribs is your RUQ.

  By Blausen.com staff (2014). “Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014”. WikiJournal of Medicine 1 (2). DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.010. ISSN 2002-4436

  Which organs are in my right upper quadrant?

  By Mariana Ruiz Villarreal, modified by Madhero88 [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

  The organs within your right upper quadrant are your:

  • Liver.
  • Gallbladder.
  • Part of the pancreas.
  • Duodenum and some other parts of your large and small bowel.
  • Right kidney (at the back behind the other organs).

  There are also the skin and nerves of that section.

  What can cause upper right abdominal pain?

  Pain can come from any of the organs mentioned above, and these are the source for the most common causes. But the human body is never simple, so pain can also come from other areas of your body. This is called ‘referred’ pain. So this widens the possible options.

  In adults, gallstones are one of the most frequent causes of pain in this area. Other common possibilities are kidney infections, shingles and ulcers in the upper part of the guts. Less common causes are discussed later in this leaflet.

  What are the most common causes of right upper quadrant pain?

  Gallstones and gallbladder problems

  Gallstones don’t necessarily cause any symptoms but when they get stuck they can give you pain. This is called biliary colic and is typically a severe crampy pain in the RUQ shortly after eating a fatty meal. An infection may ensue, called cholecystitis, which will give you a more persistent pain in the RUQ, with a high temperature.

  See the separate leaflets called Gallstones and Bile and Cholecystitis for more information.

  Kidney stones and infections

  Problems with the kidney tend to give you pain more around the right-hand side of the right upper quadrant, or in your back (loin), but the pain may spread and involve the front of the tummy (abdominal) area. Kidney stones can cause a severe pain (usually round the back) which occurs in spasms lasting from a few minutes to several hours. There may also be blood in your wee. A kidney infection can cause pain anywhere along your urinary tract. So this could be anywhere from the loin in your back, around to the front, the RUQ, or down to the lower part of your tummy. It may be associated with a fever, pain when you wee, or going to the loo more frequently.

  See the separate leaflets called Kidney Infection (Pyelonephritis) and Kidney Stones for more information.

  Shingles

  In some cases you can get the pain from shingles before the rash appears. You may have pain for a few days before a blistery rash appears. The pain tends to be quite sharp or burning, and you may feel not quite right in yourself. The RUQ is a common place for a shingles rash.

  Other people find they continue to get a pain long after the rash of shingles has gone. This is called postherpetic neuralgia.

  Liver problems

  The liver takes up a large part of your right upper quadrant but, in fact, it doesn’t very often give you pain. Causes of pain from the liver include:

  • Infection causing inflammation of the liver (hepatitis). This will usually result in jaundice and a fever and feeling generally unwell in addition to some pain in that area. Pain is not necessarily a feature. There are a number of types of hepatitis, including hepatitis A, hepatitis B and hepatitis C.
  • Abscess. This is a collection of pus around the liver or under the ribs, causing pain, tenderness and fever.
  • Alcoholic liver disease. Too much alcohol can damage your liver, which may affect its function, turn your skin yellow and give you RUQ pain.
  • Liver cancer – this can start in the liver or have spread from other cancers. Primary cancer in the liver is unusual. The liver may enlarge in certain blood cancers, such as lymphomas or leukaemias, causing discomfort.

  Gut problems

  Several problems in your gut can give you pain in the right upper quadrant. For example:

  • Duodenal ulcer. Pain typically comes on a couple of hours after eating and may be improved by taking antacids. The level of pain can gradually build up over time, eventually becoming severe and may be associated with bringing up (vomiting) blood. This is an emergency and you should call an ambulance to go directly to hospital if this occurs. See the separate leaflet called Duodenal Ulcer for more information.
  • Gastroenteritis. Infections in your gut tend to give you pain all over your tummy, or more in the middle; however, occasionally the pain may be in the RUQ area. It is usually associated with diarrhoea and/or being sick (vomiting). You may have a mild fever. See the separate leaflet called Gastroenteritis for more information.
  • Indigestion (dyspepsia) can give you a pain in the upper part of your tummy, along with bloating and acid reflux. See the separate leaflet called Indigestion (Dyspepsia) for more information.
  • Longer-term conditions such as Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis can give rise to pain anywhere in the tummy at times. They usually cause loose stools, sometimes with blood. See the separate leaflets called Crohn’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis for more information.
  • The right upper quadrant is not a common place for pain in irritable bowel syndrome, but in some people it may occur. Pain is usually on and off and accompanied by bloating and diarrhoea and/or constipation. See the separate leaflet called Irritable Bowel Syndrome for more information.

  What are the most common causes of right upper quadrant pain in pregnancy?

  Any of the above conditions can cause pain in the right upper quadrant whether you are pregnant or not, so you should always be checked out. However, in pregnancy a common cause of discomfort is the pressure of the womb pressing on other organs, and pressing them into the diaphragm. Also, problems with indigestion tend to be common in pregnancy, again at least partly due to the pressure on the stomach. Urinary tract infections are also more common in pregnancy.

  What are the most common causes of right upper quadrant pain in children?

  In young children it is often quite difficult for them to show exactly where the pain is. If this is the case, the range of options widens to almost any cause of tummy ache. In children common causes include:

  • Constipation.
  • Anxiety.
  • Gastroenteritis.
  • Mesenteric adenitis. In children with infections such as colds, glands within the tummy commonly become inflamed giving them tummy ache.
  • Appendicitis. Usually this gives pain in the lower right part of the tummy. However, often the pain of appendicitis starts in the middle of the tummy, around the tummy button. And if a child can’t show you exactly where the pain is, or if the appendix has burst (ruptured), appendicitis may be a possible diagnosis to consider.
  • Pneumonia. Infections of the lower parts of the lungs may cause pain in the tummy area.

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  What are the other possible causes?

  As well as the more common causes already described, there are many other conditions which occasionally cause right upper quadrant pain.

  • Heart attack (myocardial infarction). Heart attacks normally present with chest pain, radiating to the left arm, or a tightness in the chest. Occasionally they can cause pain in the RUQ. Usually you would feel unwell in yourself if you were having a heart attack – for example, feel sweaty or breathless.
  • Pneumonia. This is an infection in the lung and normally gives you cough, and a high temperature (fever), with or without breathlessness and pain in your chest. However, if the infection is in the lower part of your right lung, you may feel the pain in your RUQ. Other types of chest infections such as pleurisy can also sometimes give you a pain so low in your chest that it feels as if it is in your tummy (abdomen).
  • Problems with the pancreas. This includes pancreatitis and cancer of the pancreas. Usually problems with the pancreas give you pain more in the middle of your upper tummy, which radiates to your back between your shoulder blades. But occasionally it can cause a pain on the right side.
  • A serious complication of type 1 diabetes, called diabetic ketoacidosis. This makes you very unwell generally, but occasionally tummy pain can be one of the symptoms.
  • In a condition called Addison’s disease, a complication called an Addisonian crisis occasionally can give you tummy pain. Again you would be unwell in other ways other than the pain.
  • Rare complications of pregnancy affecting the liver.
  • Pain radiating from problems with the spine. If nerves are being irritated or squashed, pain in any of the areas that nerve supplies can occur. Sometimes spinal problems cause pains in the tummy area.
  • Pain which is referred from problems in the pelvis, which is below the tummy. This might include conditions such as infections (pelvic inflammatory disease) or ovarian cysts. Again the pain in the RUQ would usually be accompanied by one or more typical symptoms of these conditions.
  • Budd-Chiari syndrome is a rare condition where the veins in the liver become blocked.

  These listed causes are not exhaustive, and many other conditions occasionally cause pain in the right upper quadrant.

  Should I see a doctor for upper right abdominal pain?

  Yes, if you have a pain which doesn’t settle, you will probably need to see a health professional to help work out the cause. See a doctor urgently if:

  • Your skin has turned yellow (this is called jaundice).
  • Your wee has gone darker and your poo lighter (this suggests a blockage in the tubes around your liver and gallbladder).
  • Your pain is very severe.
  • You have recently lost weight without trying.
  • You are bringing up (vomiting) blood, or have blood in your poo (including a very dark coloured poo which can be caused by old blood from high up in the gut).
  • You have a high temperature with shaking (rigors).
  • You feel out of breath.

  How will they find the cause of the pain?

  The doctor will be able to get a reasonable idea of the reason for the pain by asking you some questions and examining you. They may want to test a sample of your urine. You may then have to have further tests, depending on their suspicions at this stage. These may be done urgently or in due course, again depending on their suspicions and how much pain you are in. Possible tests might include blood tests, an ultrasound scan, a look into your stomach and upper bowel with a camera (endoscopy) and other scans and ‘scopes’.

  What are the usual tests for right upper quadrant pain?

  Your doctor will narrow the (enormous) field of possible diagnoses by talking to you and by examining you. They may be able to find the cause simply from doing so. For example, if they find the typical rash of shingles, you will need no further tests to find the cause. If they find a liver enlargement (unusual) this suggests the problem is in the liver. If examination is normal, that already rules out quite a few possible diagnoses. The doctor will certainly need to feel your tummy (abdomen) in the area you have the pain, but may also need to examine other parts too, such as the rest of your tummy and your chest.

  You will probably be asked to provide a sample of urine, to check the colour and to rule out kidney problems.

  You may well have to have blood tests. These would check the function of your liver, rule out any inflammation or infection in your system, and check for anaemia.

  An ultrasound scan is often a good next test. It is simple to perform and can look for common conditions such as gallstones. It can also give an idea about any liver abnormality or enlargement and can rule out some kidney and pancreas problems.

  What other tests might be needed?

  This depends on what has been discovered so far through the tests above. More specific tests may be needed depending on where it is thought the pain is coming from. If your pain is thought to be coming from your guts, you are likely to have some type of endoscopy, which is an examination of the inside of your guts with a camera. A more specific type called endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) can examine the tubes around your gallbladder and pancreas. In some cases special radio-isotope scans may be used. These show up certain organs and tissues by using a small dose of a radioactive chemical.

  If you might have a kidney problem, you might have a specialised form of computerised tomography (CT) scan, with a dye injected to highlight your urinary tract.

  A chest X-ray might be needed to rule out a problem in your lungs, such as infection. If the pain is thought to come from the nerves around your spine, a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan may be helpful. An MRI of the affected area of your tummy may also be useful in some cases.

  It is very unlikely that you would need ALL these tests. You are likely to need a few tests only. For example, if gallstones are found on the ultrasound scan, you would need no other tests.

  What if no cause is found after tests?

  Obviously if any serious cause has been ruled out, this is a relief, but doesn’t settle the pain. There are so many possible causes that multiple tests may be needed for your doctor to be sure that they have ruled out all serious causes.

  In some cases when tests are normal, a condition called sphincter of Oddi dysfunction may be diagnosed. The sphincter of Oddi is a tight muscle band which controls the flow of a substance called bile which helps your digestion. It is located in one of the tubes around your liver and gallbladder. Even after having the gallbladder removed (a cholecystectomy), some people continue to get a pain which feels much like gallstone pain. There may not be anything to find on scans, etc, and sometimes this pain is put down to sphincter of Oddi problems.

  What is the treatment for right upper quadrant pain?

  There is no single answer to this until you know what the cause of your pain is. See the relevant leaflet for the condition you are diagnosed with. Treatments for a few of the common causes of right upper quadrant pain are briefly discussed below.

  • Gallstones. In some cases symptoms are not very troublesome and can be managed by sticking to a low-fat diet only. Many people choose to have their gallbladder removed, in an operation called a cholecystectomy. This can usually be done by keyhole (laparoscopic) surgery.
  • Cholecystitis is treated initially with antibiotics, usually in hospital via injections or a drip (intravenous antibiotics). Once the infection has been treated, a cholecystectomy is usually advised.
  • Shingles. The pain and rash settle on their own in time, but some people may be advised to take an antiviral tablet to help speed this process up.
  • Kidney infections are treated with antibiotics. Mild infections can be treated with antibiotics at home. If you are very unwell you may need admission to hospital for intravenous antibiotics and fluids.
  • Kidney stones. Small kidney stones pass on their own eventually, in which case you will need to drink plenty of fluids and take strong painkillers. Larger kidney stones may need one of a number of procedures done to break them up or remove them altogether.
  • Aduodenal ulcer is usually treated with acid-suppressing medication, as is indigestion.

  What is the outlook?

  Again, outlook (prognosis) depends entirely on the cause of the pain. Some conditions settle very quickly on their own (for example, gastroenteritis) or with the help of antibiotics (for example, a kidney infection). Others, such as gallstones, can be cured with treatment. Some, such as postherpetic neuralgia and sphincter of Oddi problems, rumble on for a long time. Your doctor should be able to give you an idea of the outlook once a diagnosis has become clear.

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