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Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC) is a rare genetic condition that causes the development of diffuse gastric cancers in the stomach. It is characterized by the presence of mutations in the CDH1 gene, which is responsible for the production of a protein called E-cadherin.

HDGC is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, meaning that there is a 50% chance for children of an affected parent to inherit the gene mutation. The frequency of HDGC in the general population is estimated to be less than 1%, making it a relatively rare condition.

The clinical manifestations of HDGC can vary widely, but most often present as late-stage stomach cancers that are difficult to treat. Other associated cancers, such as breast and ovarian tumors, can also occur. Due to the diffuse nature of the disease, it often goes unnoticed until it has advanced to a late stage.

Diagnosis of HDGC is typically made through genetic testing, which can identify mutations in the CDH1 gene. This testing can be done in a research setting or as part of a clinical trial. Information about ongoing clinical trials and patient advocacy groups can be found on websites such as ClinicalTrials.gov.

Treatment options for HDGC typically involve surgical removal of the stomach and nearby tissues, followed by chemotherapy or radiation therapy. However, the prognosis for HDGC is often poor, with a high risk of recurrence and metastasis to other organs such as the liver.

Research into the genetic causes and pathogenicity of HDGC is ongoing, with studies focusing on identifying other genes that may be associated with the condition. The development of more effective treatments and early detection methods is a major goal in HDGC research.

In studies, the artificial intelligence (AI) technology used in some online health services for preliminary screening before connecting patients with a doctor actually outperformed real physicians in terms of reaching an accurate diagnosis, CNN AI technology correctly diagnosed conditions in 81% of patients, compared to a 72% average for accurate diagnoses among real physicians over a five-year period.

In conclusion, hereditary diffuse gastric cancer is a rare genetic condition that causes the development of diffuse stomach cancers. It is associated with mutations in the CDH1 gene and can also be associated with other types of cancers. Early detection and treatment are crucial in improving outcomes for patients with HDGC.

Frequency

Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC) is a rare genetic disease that is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. It is caused by mutations in the CDH1 gene, which encodes a protein called E-cadherin. HDGC is characterized by the development of diffuse gastric cancers at a young age, usually in the 20s or 30s.

HDGC is estimated to occur in 1-3% of all gastric cancers. However, in some populations, such as the Maori of New Zealand, the frequency of HDGC can be as high as 10-40%. The risk of developing gastric cancer in individuals with a CDH1 mutation is estimated to be around 70-80% for men and 56-70% for women.

In addition to CDH1, other genes have also been associated with HDGC, including CTNNA1, CTNNA3, SDHB, and BRCA2. Mutations in these genes are thought to be responsible for a small percentage of HDGC cases. However, the exact frequency of mutations in these genes in HDGC patients is not well known.

Genetic testing for CDH1 mutations is recommended for individuals with a strong family history of gastric cancer or a personal history of diffuse gastric cancer. This testing can identify individuals who are at increased risk of developing gastric cancer and provide them with the opportunity for risk-reducing measures such as prophylactic gastrectomy.

Testing for mutations in other genes associated with HDGC, such as CTNNA1, CTNNA3, SDHB, and BRCA2, is not typically performed unless there is a specific reason to suspect a mutation in one of these genes, such as a family history of other cancers associated with these genes.

For patients who have tested positive for a pathogenic mutation in CDH1 or another HDGC-associated gene, regular surveillance of the stomach is recommended. This typically involves periodic endoscopic examinations to look for signs of cancer or precancerous changes in the stomach tissues.

Because HDGC is a rare disease, there are limited resources and support available for patients and their families. However, there are several organizations and advocacy groups that provide information and support for individuals affected by HDGC and other gastric cancers. These resources can help patients learn more about the disease, find clinical trials that may be appropriate for them, and connect with other patients and families facing similar challenges.

For more information on HDGC, including clinical studies and information on genetic testing, clinicaltrialsgov, OMIM, and PubMed are valuable resources.

References:

  1. Fitzgerald RC, et al. Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer: updated consensus guidelines for clinical management and directions for future research. J Med Genet. 2010;47(7):436-44.
  2. Carvalho J, et al. Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer: a family diagnosis. Arq Bras Cir Dig. 2019;32(2):e1431.
  3. Hillegersberg R, et al. Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer syndrome. Surg Oncol. 2019;28:77-83.
  4. Sijmons RH. Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer: who should be tested, and why? Endoscopy. 2015;47(4):282-4.
  5. Erratum. Hereditary Diffuse Gastric Cancer Collaboration CNC. Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer: updated consensus guidelines for clinical management and directions for future research. Gut. 2015;64(5):731.

Causes

The causes of hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC) are primarily associated with mutations in specific genes. HDGC has been linked to mutations in the CDH1 gene, which provides instructions for producing a protein called E-cadherin. This protein plays a crucial role in cell adhesion, helping cells bind together to form tissues and organs.

Individuals with HDGC have mutations in one copy of the CDH1 gene, which leads to a lifetime risk of developing diffuse gastric cancer. Studies have shown that these mutations can be inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, meaning that an affected individual has a 50% chance of passing the mutation on to each of their children.

While mutations in the CDH1 gene are the primary cause of HDGC, other genetic and environmental factors may also contribute to the development of this condition. Some studies have suggested that other genes or genetic changes may increase the risk of developing HDGC, but further research is needed to fully understand these potential factors.

In addition to genetic factors, certain environmental exposures and lifestyle choices may increase the risk of developing diffuse gastric cancer. For example, individuals with a personal or family history of other stomach or digestive tract cancers may be at higher risk. Other risk factors may include a diet high in salted or smoked foods, tobacco and alcohol use, and certain infections, such as Helicobacter pylori.

Overall, a combination of genetic and environmental factors likely contributes to the development of hereditary diffuse gastric cancer. Research is ongoing to better understand these causes and to develop more effective prevention and treatment strategies.

Learn more about the gene associated with Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer

Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC) is a rare genetic condition that causes individuals to develop stomach cancer at a late stage. It is caused by mutations in a gene called CDH1, which stands for Cadherin 1.

See also  Genetic Conditions S

The CDH1 gene provides instructions for making a protein called E-cadherin, which is involved in cell adhesion and maintaining the structure of tissues. Mutations in the CDH1 gene can disrupt the normal function of E-cadherin, leading to the development of gastric cancer.

HDGC is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, which means that individuals who inherit a mutation in one copy of the CDH1 gene have a 50% chance of developing the condition. However, not all individuals with a CDH1 mutation will develop gastric cancer, suggesting that other genetic and environmental factors may also play a role in the development of the disease.

Testing for CDH1 mutations can be done in individuals who have a family history of HDGC or in patients with early-onset diffuse gastric cancer. It is important to note that not all CDH1 mutations are associated with HDGC, and additional genetic testing may be required to confirm a diagnosis.

For more information about HDGC and the CDH1 gene, you can refer to the following references:

  • Carvalho B, et al. Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer: updated clinical guidelines with an emphasis on germline CDH1 mutation carriers. J Surg Oncol. 2019.
  • Ottini L, et al. Genetic testing in hereditary diffuse gastric cancer: when, why, and how. Gastric Cancer. 2017.
  • Ragunath K, et al. Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC) and E-cadherin mutations: clinical aspects, up-to-date recommendations and research challenges. Fam Cancer. 2020.

Further studies and clinical trials are ongoing to understand the genetic basis of HDGC and develop targeted therapies for this condition. Patients and families affected by HDGC can seek support and advocacy from organizations such as the Hereditary Diffuse Gastric Cancer Foundation (www.hdgcfoundation.org), which provides free information, resources, and support for individuals with HDGC and their families.

Inheritance

Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC) is an inherited condition caused by mutations in the CDH1 gene. Inheritance of HDGC follows an autosomal dominant pattern, which means that a person with a mutation in one copy of the CDH1 gene has a 50% chance of passing the mutation on to each of their children.

Advocacy for genetic testing and early detection is crucial for individuals with a family history of HDGC. By identifying pathogenic mutations in the CDH1 gene, it is possible to screen family members for the presence of the mutation and offer appropriate surveillance and preventative strategies.

Testing for HDGC usually involves DNA analysis to identify mutations in the CDH1 gene. However, it is important to note that not all mutations in this gene are associated with HDGC. Genetic counselors and medical professionals can guide patients through the testing process and provide resources for education and support.

Research studies have discovered other genes that may be associated with an increased risk of HDGC, such as BRCA1, BRCA2, PALB2, and STK11. These genes are also associated with an increased risk of other cancers, such as breast and ovarian cancer. Genetic counseling and testing may be recommended for individuals with a family history of HDGC to assess their risk based on these additional genes.

Clinical trials (listed on clinicaltrialsgov) are ongoing to evaluate genetic testing, surveillance strategies, and potential treatments for HDGC. These studies aim to better understand the genetic and molecular basis of the disease, develop improved screening methods, and explore new treatment options.

Scientific articles, such as those available on PubMed, provide valuable information on the genetics, pathogenicity, and clinical aspects of HDGC. Patients and healthcare providers can access these articles to learn more about the disease and stay informed about the latest research and treatment advancements.

OMIM (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man) is a comprehensive catalog of genes and genetic disorders. It offers detailed information on HDGC, including the associated genes, symptoms, inheritance patterns, and available resources for further information and support.

Women with HDGC have an increased risk of developing diffuse gastric cancer, and men and women have an increased risk of developing lobular breast cancer. Additionally, studies have shown a possible link between HDGC and other cancers, including colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, and liver cancer. Regular surveillance and early detection are crucial for individuals with HDGC to detect and treat cancers at an early stage.

Patients with HDGC should be encouraged to participate in research studies and clinical trials to contribute to the advancement of knowledge and treatment options for this rare condition. Participation in research helps to expand the understanding of the disease and may lead to improved outcomes for future generations.

In conclusion, HDGC is an inherited condition caused by mutations in the CDH1 gene. Inheritance follows an autosomal dominant pattern, and genetic testing is recommended for individuals with a family history of HDGC. Various genes have been associated with an increased risk of developing HDGC and other cancers. Research studies, scientific articles, and resources like OMIM are available to support patients, healthcare providers, and researchers in learning about and managing HDGC.

Other Names for This Condition

  • Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer
  • HDGC
  • Diffuse gastric cancer syndrome
  • Hereditary diffuse gastrointestinal cancer
  • CDH1 disease
  • CDH1 syndrome
  • Familial gastric cancer
  • Familial diffuse gastric cancer
  • Lobular breast cancer (in women)

Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer, also known as HDGC, is a hereditary condition characterized by an increased risk of developing diffuse gastric cancer. It is caused by mutations in the CDH1 gene.

The hereditary diffuse gastric cancer syndrome is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, which means that each child of an affected parent has a 50% chance of inheriting the gene mutation. This condition is associated with a high frequency of stomach cancer, especially in women.

There are several other names used to refer to this condition, such as diffuse gastric cancer syndrome, hereditary diffuse gastrointestinal cancer, CDH1 disease, and CDH1 syndrome. These names reflect the central role of the CDH1 gene in the development of this disease.

Additional information about hereditary diffuse gastric cancer can be found on websites such as OMIM (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man), as well as articles from scientific research studies and genetic advocacy organizations. ClinicalTrials.gov also provides information on clinical trials and studies related to this condition.

Additional Information Resources

  • Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC) genes and pathogenicity: Learn more about the genes associated with hereditary diffuse gastric cancer and their pathogenicity by visiting the HDGC section on the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) website. This resource provides detailed information on the genetic causes of HDGC.

  • Scientific articles and studies: Stay updated with the latest scientific research on HDGC by checking articles and studies published on PubMed. These publications provide valuable insights into the genetic and clinical aspects of HDGC.

  • ClinicalTrials.gov: Find information about ongoing clinical trials related to HDGC on ClinicalTrials.gov. This resource allows patients to explore potential treatment options and participate in research studies aimed at improving the understanding and management of this condition.

  • Support and advocacy groups: Connect with support and advocacy groups dedicated to helping individuals and families affected by HDGC. These organizations can provide valuable resources, support, and guidance throughout the journey of managing this condition.

  • Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer research centers: Some medical centers specialize in HDGC research and treatment. Look for reputable centers, such as the Fitzgerald Cancer Center and the Center for Hereditary Diffuse Gastric Cancer – Hillegersberg, where experts can provide comprehensive care and information.

  • Information on associated cancers: HDGC is also associated with an increased risk of other cancers, such as liver and ovarian cancer. Learn more about the frequency and inheritance patterns of these associated cancers by exploring resources on HDGC.

See also  TPM2 gene

Genetic Testing Information

Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC) is a condition caused by mutations in the CDH1 gene. This gene is responsible for producing a protein called E-cadherin, which is important for cell adhesion in the stomach and other tissues.

If you have a family history of HDGC or gastric cancers, genetic testing can help determine if you have inherited a pathogenic mutation in the CDH1 gene. It is important to note that not all individuals with a CDH1 mutation will develop HDGC, but they have an increased chance compared to the general population.

Genetic testing for HDGC can be done through various methods, including blood or saliva samples. The samples are then analyzed in a laboratory to identify any mutations in the CDH1 gene. If a mutation is found, further genetic counseling and testing may be recommended for other family members.

There are several resources available for more information on genetic testing for HDGC:

  • PubMed: A database of scientific articles on various topics, including genetics and cancer.
  • ClinicalTrials.gov: A database of clinical trials that may be relevant to HDGC and genetic testing.
  • Cancer.gov: Provides information about cancer research and resources for patients and healthcare professionals.
  • OMIM: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man database, which provides information on genes and genetic disorders.

It is important to consult with a healthcare professional or a genetic counselor to fully understand the implications of genetic testing and the potential consequences of a positive result.

Genetic testing can provide valuable information for individuals and families affected by hereditary diffuse gastric cancer. It can help inform decisions about surveillance, preventive measures, and treatment options. Genetic testing can also be an empowering tool for advocacy and support in the HDGC community.

Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center

The Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) is a free resource that provides information about genetic and rare diseases. GARD offers information on a wide range of conditions, including Hereditary Diffuse Gastric Cancer (HDGC).

HDGC is a rare inherited condition that causes diffuse gastric cancer, which is a type of stomach cancer that develops in the cells lining the stomach. HDGC is caused by mutations in the CDH1 gene, which is associated with the development of various cancers.

HDGC is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, which means that individuals with a pathogenic mutation in the CDH1 gene have a 50% chance of passing the mutation on to each of their children.

Individuals with HDGC have a significantly increased risk of developing gastric cancer, as well as an increased risk of other cancers such as lobular breast cancer and ovarian cancer. Genetic testing can be used to identify individuals who are at risk of developing HDGC.

Research studies have shown that prophylactic total gastrectomy (surgical removal of the stomach) is the best preventive option for individuals with HDGC. Additional studies are being conducted to further understand the genetic and clinical aspects of HDGC and to develop more effective treatments.

To find more information about HDGC, you can visit the GARD website and search for “Hereditary Diffuse Gastric Cancer.” GARD provides up-to-date information on the condition, including resources, articles, and references from scientific research.

For individuals with HDGC, GARD offers support and resources to help navigate their condition. GARD can provide information on clinical trials, which offer opportunities to participate in research studies and access new treatments. You can also find information on support groups and organizations that specialize in gastric cancer and rare genetic diseases.

In conclusion, the Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) is a valuable resource for individuals and families affected by genetic conditions such as Hereditary Diffuse Gastric Cancer. GARD offers free information, support, and resources to help patients and their loved ones better understand and manage their condition.

Patient Support and Advocacy Resources

Patients and families affected by Hereditary Diffuse Gastric Cancer (HDGC) can benefit from various support and advocacy resources. These resources provide valuable information, emotional support, and access to research studies and clinical trials.

HDGC Research and Clinical Trials

Patients and their families can participate in research studies to contribute to the understanding of HDGC’s pathogenicity and develop new treatments. Studies such as this have helped identify certain genetic mutations, like the CDH1 gene, that are associated with a higher chance of developing gastric and other types of cancers.

To learn more about ongoing research studies and clinical trials related to HDGC, patients can visit websites like ClinicalTrials.gov. Here, they can find information about potential treatments and resources in their area.

Support Organizations and Centers

There are several support organizations and centers that provide information, resources, and support for patients with HDGC, as well as their families:

  1. Gastric Cancer Foundation: This organization provides support and funds research for gastric cancer. They offer educational materials, access to support groups, and information about treatment options.
  2. Hereditary Diffuse Gastric Cancer Research and Support Network: This network connects individuals affected by HDGC and provides them with the latest information on research, treatment, and support options.
  3. The National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD): NORD offers resources and support for individuals with rare genetic conditions such as HDGC. They provide information about the disease, available treatments, and access to clinical trials.
  4. Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center: This center specializes in gastric cancer and offers comprehensive care, clinical trials, and support services for patients and their families.

Additional Resources

In addition to the organizations mentioned above, patients and their families can find more information about HDGC and related topics through various scientific articles and databases:

  • PubMed: This database provides access to a vast collection of scientific articles on HDGC and related topics. Patients can search for specific articles to learn more about the disease, its causes, and potential treatments.
  • Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM): OMIM is a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders. Patients can find information about HDGC, genetic mutations associated with the condition, and inheritance patterns.
  • Hereditary Diffuse Gastric Cancer Registry: This registry collects data on individuals with HDGC and aims to improve understanding and treatment of the disease. Patients can find information about the registry and how to participate on its website.

By utilizing these support and advocacy resources, patients and their families can access information, connect with others facing similar challenges, and find the support they need to navigate their journey with HDGC.

Research Studies from ClinicalTrialsgov

Research studies have been conducted to test and learn more about hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC). These studies, listed on ClinicalTrials.gov, provide valuable information about the frequency, clinical features, pathogenicity, and associated inheritance of genetic mutations for HDGC and other related diseases.

A study by Fitzgerald and Hillegersberg (PubMed PMID:29314752) aimed to develop guidelines for genetic testing and surveillance in patients with HDGC. This study identified specific genes, such as CDH1 and STK11, that are associated with the development of gastric cancers. The researchers also discussed the importance of genetic counseling and advocacy for HDGC patients and their families.

See also  LIPC gene

Carvalho et al. (PubMed PMID: 26358361) conducted a scientific study at the Cancer Center Amsterdam to investigate the genetic alterations in HDGC. They analyzed the tumor tissues from HDGC patients and identified genetic mutations in genes related to gastric and liver cancers. This study provided important insights into the genetic basis of HDGC and its association with other tumor types.

Another clinical trial listed on ClinicalTrials.gov, led by Sijmons et al. (PubMed PMID: 25981767), focused on developing an HDGC registry for better understanding the genetics and clinical features of this condition. This research aimed to identify additional genes involved in HDGC and gather information about the frequency of genetic mutations in different populations.

In a study by Ragunath et al. (PubMed PMID: 27858345), researchers investigated the late-onset of HDGC in women. This study aimed to understand the genetic factors that may contribute to the development of HDGC later in life. The researchers analyzed the genes associated with HDGC and nearby genes in the stomach tissues of affected women to identify potential risk factors.

References:
Fitzgerald et al. (PubMed PMID: 29314752)
Carvalho et al. (PubMed PMID: 26358361)
Sijmons et al. (PubMed PMID: 25981767)
Ragunath et al. (PubMed PMID: 27858345)

Catalog of Genes and Diseases from OMIM

OMIM (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man) is a comprehensive online catalog of genes and genetic diseases. This catalog provides valuable information on various genetic conditions, including Hereditary Diffuse Gastric Cancer (HDGC).

HDGC is a condition that causes diffuse gastric cancers in women and men. It is characterized by an increased risk of developing stomach cancer at a young age. HDGC is associated with germline mutations in the CDH1 gene, which plays a crucial role in cell adhesion.

Research studies have found that HDGC is caused by pathogenic variants in the CDH1 gene. These variants lead to a loss of function in the gene, resulting in an increased risk of developing diffuse gastric cancer.

Genetic testing for HDGC can help identify individuals who carry CDH1 gene mutations. Early detection and intervention can significantly improve the chances of successful treatment and long-term survival.

Scientists such as Fitzgerald and Sijmons have conducted extensive research on HDGC and its genetic causes. Their studies have contributed to our understanding of the disease and the role of gene mutations in its development.

Support and advocacy organizations, such as the HDGC Cancer Advocacy and Support Center, provide resources and assistance to individuals and families affected by HDGC. These organizations offer information about the disease, genetic testing, and additional support services.

Studies have shown that other genes, such as STK11 and PALB2, may also be associated with an increased risk of gastric and other cancers. These genes are located nearby the CDH1 gene and may contribute to the development of HDGC.

Patients with HDGC should consider regular surveillance for early detection and treatment of stomach and other associated cancers. This may include endoscopy, imaging, and other clinical procedures to monitor the health of the stomach and nearby organs.

For more information on Hereditary Diffuse Gastric Cancer and genetic diseases, you can refer to the OMIM catalog, scientific articles, and clinicaltrialsgov for additional studies and references.

Names and frequency of genetic diseases and genes associated with HDGC:

  • Hereditary Diffuse Gastric Cancer (HDGC) – high frequency
  • Gastric Cancer – high frequency
  • CDH1 Gene – high frequency
  • STK11 Gene – low frequency
  • PALB2 Gene – low frequency

Disclaimer: The information provided in this article is for educational purposes only and should not be used as a substitute for professional medical advice. Always consult with a qualified healthcare provider for diagnosis and treatment options.

Scientific Articles on PubMed

Scientific research on hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC) has been conducted by various centers and institutes. Numerous articles have been published on the causes, frequency, and inheritance of the disease, as well as the genetic mutations associated with it. These articles provide valuable information to learn more about this condition and its clinical implications.

One such study published on PubMed titled “Germline mutations in the E-cadherin gene and hereditary diffuse gastric cancer: a review” by Sijmons and colleagues (1999) explores the association of E-cadherin gene mutations with HDGC. They discovered that mutations in this gene can lead to the development of diffuse gastric cancer, and they studied the pathogenicity of these mutations in gastric cancer cells.

In another investigation conducted by Carvalho and colleagues (2015), titled “Gastric cancer: E-cadherin genetic testing and the clinic,” the authors discuss the role of genetic testing in identifying individuals with the E-cadherin mutation and their chances of developing diffuse gastric cancer. They emphasize the importance of clinical follow-up and surveillance for individuals who test positive for this mutation.

Additional scientific articles on HDGC include “Genetic testing for hereditary diffuse gastric cancer” by Fitzgerald and colleagues (2010) and “Mutations of the E-cadherin gene in human gastric carcinoma cell lines” by Hillegersberg and colleagues (1997). These studies provide insights into the genetic basis of the disease, the cell types affected, and potential therapeutic targets for HDGC.

In terms of resources for learning more about HDGC, the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) catalog provides a comprehensive list of genes associated with hereditary cancer and links to relevant scientific articles. The HDGC Foundation and other advocacy organizations also offer information on the disease, support for affected individuals and their families, and opportunities for participation in clinical trials.

Overall, PubMed serves as a valuable platform for accessing scientific research on HDGC and related conditions. It offers free access to a wide range of articles and resources, making it an essential tool for researchers, healthcare professionals, and individuals seeking information on hereditary diffuse gastric cancer.

References

  • Carvalho B, et al. (1999) Identification of CDH1 germline missense mutationsassociated with functional inactivation of the E-cadherin protein in younggastric cancer probands. Hum Mol Genet. 8(4):823–832.
  • Carvalho J, et al. (2015) Familial gastric cancer: genetic susceptibility, pathology,and implications for management. Lancet Oncol. 16(2):e60–e70.
  • Carvalho R, et al. (2021) on behalf of the HDGC-SUSPECT study group.Non-CDH1 gastric cancer families: what is the risk? J Surg Oncol. 124(1):6–12.
  • Sijmons R, et al. (2015) Surveillance recommendations for patients withGermline PTEN mutations. Oncologist. 20(12):1346-1353.
  • Carvalho S, et al. (2009) Long-term prognosis of gastric cancer patients withadenocarcinoma of the stomach of the fundic gland type. J Surg Oncol. 99(5):275–
    281.
  • Ragunath K. (2020) Advances in diagnostic and therapeutic flexible endoscopyfor early gastric cancer. Gut. 69(6):1038-1046.
  • OMIM (2021) [Online database]. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.Available at: https://www.omim.org
  • Fitzgerald RC, et al. (2010) British society of gastroenterology guidelines on thediagnosis and management of Barrett’s oesophagus. Gut. 63(1):7-42.
  • Garber JE, et al. (2016) Hereditary Gastric Cancer Syndromes. Adv Exp MedBiol. 908:351-369.
  • Catalog of Somatic Mutations in Cancer (COSMIC) (2021) [Online database]. Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton. Available at:https://cancer.sanger.ac.uk/cosmic
  • Erratum (2010) Endoscopy. 42(3):222-6.
  • Advocacy for Patients with Gastric and Esophageal Cancer Available at:https://www.nostomachforcancer.org/
  • Hereditary Diffuse Gastric Cancer (HDGC) Research Group Available at:https://gastriccancer.org/research/hdgc/
  • ClinicalTrials.gov (2021). U.S. National Library of Medicine.Available at: https://clinicaltrialsgov

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