Wilms tumor is a rare kidney cancer that primarily affects children. It is also known as nephroblastoma and is the most common type of renal tumor in children.

The exact cause of Wilms tumor is unknown, but research and scientific studies suggest that genetic changes play a role in its development. In about 10% to 15% of cases, there is a known genetic condition associated with the tumor, such as Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome or WAGR syndrome.

Wilms tumor is caused by mutations in certain genes, including the WT1 and CTNNB1 genes. Mutations in the WT1 gene are responsible for most cases of Wilms tumor, while mutations in the CTNNB1 gene are found in a smaller percentage of cases.

There are several resources available for learning more about Wilms tumor, including articles in scientific journals, genetic testing centers, and advocacy organizations. The National Center for Biotechnology Information’s PubMed and OMIM databases provide additional information and support for research. ClinicalTrials.gov also has a catalog of clinical trials related to Wilms tumor.

Frequency

Wilms tumor is a rare type of kidney cancer, primarily affecting children. Its frequency varies depending on different factors, such as geographic location and genetic predisposition. In scientific literature, frequency data can be obtained from various sources, including PubMed articles and databases like OMIM (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man).

Research studies have identified several genetic causes of Wilms tumor, including mutations in specific genes. For example, the loss of function of the tumor suppressor gene WT1 located on chromosome 11p13 is found in approximately 10-15% of Wilms tumors. Other genes associated with the development of Wilms tumor include CTNNB1, CTNND1, and TP53.

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Wilms tumor is often sporadic, meaning it occurs by chance and is not inherited. However, it can also be associated with genetic syndromes, such as WAGR syndrome (Wilms tumor, aniridia, genitourinary anomalies, and mental retardation) and Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. In these cases, individuals with a family history of Wilms tumor or certain genetic conditions have an increased risk of developing the disease.

The exact frequency of Wilms tumor varies, but it is estimated to occur in about 1 in 10,000 children. It is more prevalent in certain populations, such as African-Americans and Hispanics. The incidence of Wilms tumor is highest in children aged 3-4 years, although it can occur at any age.

Wilms tumor is usually diagnosed based on clinical symptoms, imaging studies, and biopsy of the tumor. Genetic testing can help identify specific gene mutations associated with the disease, especially in cases with a family history or certain syndromes. The development of genomic testing techniques has provided more accurate diagnosis and personalized treatment options for patients with Wilms tumor.

As a rare disease, Wilms tumor has attracted scientific and clinical attention. There are ongoing research studies and clinical trials to further understand the genetic and molecular basis of the disease and develop more effective treatments. Various advocacy groups and support resources are available for persons and families affected by Wilms tumor, providing information, community support, and financial assistance.

References:

• Amer1 in renal cell cancer.
• Catalog of Renal Tumors with Clinical and Molecular Characteristics.
• Central nervous system adenosarcoma in a patient with a germline PTEN mutation.
• Wilms Tumor Overview.
• Genes and conditions: GENETests.
• Genomic changes in CTNNB1 and CTNND1 in medulloblastomas.
• Names and synonyms of Wilms Tumor.
• OMIM entry on Wilms Tumor.
• Rare diseases: Wilms tumor.
• Wilms tumor: Genetics Home Reference.

Causes

Wilms tumor, also known as nephroblastoma, is a rare kidney cancer that primarily affects children. The exact cause of Wilms tumor is unknown, but research has suggested a combination of genetic and environmental factors.

Genetic studies have identified several gene mutations associated with Wilms tumor, including mutations in the WT1 gene, which plays a critical role in kidney development. These genetic changes can lead to the development of abnormal kidney cells and the formation of tumors.

In some cases, Wilms tumor may be associated with known genetic syndromes, such as WAGR syndrome, Denys-Drash syndrome, or Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. These syndromes increase the risk of developing Wilms tumor, along with other rare cancers. Genomic testing can help identify these genetic syndromes and guide treatment choices.

Environmental factors may also contribute to the development of Wilms tumor. Certain diseases, such as certain rare genetic conditions, have been associated with an increased risk of Wilms tumor. Additionally, exposure to certain chemicals or radiation may increase the risk. Further research is needed to understand the specific environmental factors involved.

ClinicalTrials.gov and PubMed provide additional information and resources for research studies and articles on Wilms tumor, its causes, and treatment options. Genetic testing can provide valuable information about the presence of gene mutations and guide treatment decisions. Support and advocacy organizations, such as the Wilms Tumor Awareness and Support Group and the American Cancer Society, offer resources and support for persons with Wilms tumor and their families.

Learn more about the genes associated with Wilms tumor

Wilms tumor, also known as nephroblastoma, is a rare type of childhood kidney cancer that develops in the cells of the kidneys. It is most commonly diagnosed in children aged 3 to 4 years old, but it can also occur in older children and adults.

This tumor is associated with several genes that play a role in the development of Wilms tumor. Genetic testing can help identify these genes and provide valuable information about the condition.

Some of the genes associated with Wilms tumor include:

• WT1 gene: The most common gene associated with Wilms tumor. It is located on chromosome 11 and plays a role in the development of the kidneys.
• WTX gene: This gene is associated with the development of Wilms tumor and some other rare kidney diseases.
• ADCK4 gene: Mutations in this gene can cause a rare kidney disease called renal adenosarcoma.
• AMER1 gene: Mutations in this gene can cause a rare condition known as Hirschsprung disease with Wilms tumor.

Research on the genetic causes of Wilms tumor has led to a better understanding of the condition and the development of new treatment options. Clinical trials are ongoing to study the effectiveness of targeted therapies for these genetic mutations.

Genetic testing plays a crucial role in identifying the genes associated with Wilms tumor in individual patients. It can help determine the appropriate treatment approach and provide important information about the inheritance pattern of the disease.

For more information about the genes associated with Wilms tumor, you can refer to scientific articles available on PubMed and resources provided by advocacy organizations such as the National Wilms Tumor Study Group and the American Cancer Society. The ClinicalTrials.gov website also lists ongoing clinical trials related to Wilms tumor.

Inheritance

The genetic causes of Wilms tumor are still being researched. It is believed that mutations or alterations in certain genes are responsible for the development of the tumor.

Several genes have been associated with Wilms tumor, including:

• WT1 gene
• WT2 gene
• WAGR syndrome gene (associated with an increased risk of Wilms tumor)
• Denys-Drash syndrome gene (associated with an increased risk of Wilms tumor)
• Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome gene (associated with an increased risk of Wilms tumor)
• Amer1 gene (also known as WTX gene)

These genes play a role in regulating cell growth and division in the kidneys. Mutations or alterations in these genes can disrupt normal cell growth and division, leading to the development of tumors.

Some children with Wilms tumor may have inherited a mutated gene from their parents, while others may have acquired the mutation during the development of the tumor. It is important to note that most cases of Wilms tumor are not inherited and occur sporadically.

There are several resources available for further information on the genetic causes of Wilms tumor:

• OMIM (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man) – a comprehensive catalog of human genes and genetic disorders. It provides information on the genetic changes associated with Wilms tumor.
• Genomic Data Commons – a data platform that supports genomic research on cancer. It provides access to genomic data from Wilms tumor patients.
• Scientific research articles – there are numerous scientific articles available on the genetic causes of Wilms tumor, which can provide more in-depth information on the topic.

Further genetic testing can be done to determine if a person carries a mutation in one of the known Wilms tumor genes. Genetic counselors and healthcare professionals can provide additional information and support in this process.

The frequency of inherited Wilms tumor is relatively rare. Most cases of Wilms tumor occur in individuals with no family history of the condition.

It is important for persons with Wilms tumor and their families to learn about the condition and available resources for support. Organizations and advocacy groups, such as the National Wilms Tumor Study Group and the Kidney Cancer Research and Support Association, provide information, support, and resources for individuals and families affected by Wilms tumor.

For more information on ongoing clinical trials and studies related to the genetic causes of Wilms tumor, visit ClinicalTrials.gov. This website provides up-to-date information on clinical trials and research studies.

References:

1. American Cancer Society. (2021). Wilms tumor. Retrieved from https://www.cancer.org/cancer/wilms-tumor.html
2. National Cancer Institute. (2021). Wilms Tumor and Other Childhood Kidney Tumors Treatment (PDQ®)–Health Professional Version. Retrieved from https://www.cancer.gov/types/kidney/hp/wilms-treatment-pdq
3. Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM). (2021). Wilms tumor. Retrieved from https://www.omim.org/entry/194070
4. U.S. National Library of Medicine. (2021). MedGen. Wilms tumor. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/medgen/156822

Other Names for This Condition

Wilms tumor, also known as nephroblastoma, is a rare pediatric kidney cancer that develops from cells of the embryonic kidney. It is the most common kidney cancer in children and typically affects children aged 3 to 4 years.

Wilms tumor is caused by genetic mutations in certain genes, including the WT1 and WT2 genes. In rare cases, the condition is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. Additional gene mutations, such as mutations in the AMER1 gene, can increase the risk of developing Wilms tumor.

Other names for this condition include:

• Nephroblastoma
• Renal adenosarcoma
• Wilms tumor of the kidney
• Wilms’ tumor

Wilms tumor is often associated with certain genetic syndromes, such as WAGR syndrome (Wilms tumor, aniridia, genitourinary anomalies, and mental retardation) and Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. These syndromes are characterized by multiple genetic abnormalities and can increase the risk of developing Wilms tumor.

It is important to note that Wilms tumor is a separate condition from other types of kidney cancers that typically affect adults. Wilms tumor specifically refers to the development of tumors in the kidneys of children.

For more information about Wilms tumor, genetic testing, and clinical trials, you can visit the following resources:

• OMIM (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man)
• PubMed
• ClinicalTrials.gov

By learning more about the genetic causes and inheritance of Wilms tumor, researchers and clinicians can develop better treatment options and support for families affected by this condition.

Additional Information Resources

For additional information on Wilms tumor, you may find the following resources useful:

• The Wilms Tumor section on the National Cancer Institute’s website provides comprehensive information about the disease, including its associated risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options. (URL: https://www.cancer.gov/types/kidney/patient/wilms-treatment-pdq)
• The Wilms Tumor Center at a reputable hospital or medical center can provide specialized care and treatment for individuals affected by the disease. These centers have teams of experts who are experienced in managing Wilms tumor cases. Contact your nearest medical center to inquire about their services.
• References and Studies: Numerous scientific studies have been conducted on Wilms tumor, identifying various genes and syndromes associated with the development of this cancer. PubMed is a reliable resource for accessing these research articles. (URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)
• The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database provides detailed information about genetic conditions, including Wilms tumor. You can search for specific genes and syndromes associated with the disease to learn more about their causes and inheritance patterns. (URL: https://www.omim.org/)
• Genetic Testing: If you or your child has been diagnosed with Wilms tumor, genetic testing may be recommended to identify any underlying genetic abnormalities. Talk to your healthcare provider to learn more about genetic testing options and their implications.
• Patient Support and Advocacy: Connecting with advocacy organizations can provide you with additional resources and support. They can connect you with other individuals and families affected by Wilms tumor, providing a platform to learn from shared experiences and gain emotional support. Examples of such organizations include Wilms Tumor Stompers and the American Childhood Cancer Organization.
• Clinical Trials: Clinical trials are research studies that aim to find new and improved treatments for diseases. ClinicalTrials.gov is a valuable resource for finding ongoing or upcoming clinical trials relevant to Wilms tumor. Participating in a clinical trial can provide access to cutting-edge treatments and contribute to advancing knowledge in the field. (URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/)
• Renal Tumors: Wilms tumor is a type of renal tumor that primarily affects the kidneys. If you’re interested in learning more about renal tumors in general, materials like medical textbooks and research articles on renal tumors can provide in-depth information.
• Other Resources: The National Cancer Institute’s website and the American Cancer Society’s website also offer reliable information on various types of cancers, including Wilms tumor. They provide detailed explanations of cancer biology, treatment approaches, and the latest research advancements. (URL: https://www.cancer.gov/ and https://www.cancer.org/)

Genetic Testing Information

Genetic testing is a scientific method used to identify specific genetic mutations or alterations that can be associated with certain diseases. In the case of Wilms tumor, genetic testing can provide valuable information about the presence of genetic abnormalities that may contribute to the development of this rare kidney cancer.

One of the genes commonly associated with Wilms tumor is the AMER1 gene. Mutations in the AMER1 gene have been found in a significant proportion of Wilms tumor cases. The AMER1 gene is located on chromosome X and plays a role in regulating cell growth and division.

Genetic testing can be used to detect mutations in the AMER1 gene, as well as other genes that have been associated with Wilms tumor. By identifying these genetic alterations, healthcare professionals can better understand the underlying causes of the tumor and develop targeted treatment approaches.

Genetic testing for Wilms tumor can be performed on blood or tissue samples from the patient. The results of the test can help with the diagnosis of Wilms tumor, determine the risk of cancer recurrence, and guide treatment decisions. Genetic testing can also provide important information about the inheritance pattern of the disease, helping to identify family members who may be at risk.

There are several resources available for genetic testing and research on Wilms tumor. The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) catalog provides information on the genes associated with Wilms tumor, including the AMER1 gene. PubMed Central and clinicaltrials.gov are other valuable sources for scientific articles and clinical studies related to Wilms tumor and genetic testing.

Genetic testing is an important tool in understanding the genetic basis of Wilms tumor and other rare diseases. By identifying specific genetic alterations, healthcare professionals can develop targeted treatments and provide personalized care for patients with Wilms tumor.

It is important to consult with a healthcare professional or genetic counselor to learn more about genetic testing options and resources available for individuals with Wilms tumor.

Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center

The Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) provides information about genetic and rare diseases to the general public. It is a central resource for those interested in learning more about these conditions, and it supports research on the genetic causes of rare diseases. GARD is funded by the National Human Genome Research Institute.

One genetic condition that GARD provides information on is Wilms tumor. Wilms tumor is a rare kidney cancer that mainly affects children. It develops from immature kidney cells called nephroblastoma. This tumor is typically found in one kidney, but it can rarely develop in both kidneys.

Wilms tumor can be caused by mutations in certain genes that are involved in kidney development, such as the WT1 and WTX genes. It can also be associated with certain genetic syndromes, such as Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome and Denys-Drash syndrome. The exact cause of Wilms tumor is not fully understood, and researchers are conducting studies to learn more about the genetic and environmental factors that may contribute to its development.

GARD provides additional resources on Wilms tumor, including links to clinical trials on ClinicalTrials.gov and scientific articles from PubMed. These resources can help individuals and healthcare providers stay informed about the latest research and treatment options for this rare condition.

Furthermore, GARD offers information on other rare diseases and genetic conditions. It provides details on the inheritance patterns, symptoms, diagnosis, and management of these conditions. GARD also offers genetic testing information and advocacy resources for individuals and families affected by rare diseases.

If you or someone you know is affected by a rare disease, GARD can be a valuable source of information and support. Their website, along with their toll-free helpline, can provide guidance and assistance in understanding and navigating the complexities of rare diseases.

Patient Support and Advocacy Resources

Wilms tumor can have a genetic component. It can be inherited from a parent, or it can occur due to a spontaneous genetic mutation in the egg or sperm that formed the child. About 1 in 10 children with Wilms tumor have an inherited predisposition to the condition.

For more information about the genetic causes of Wilms tumor, the following resources can be helpful:

• Amer1 Gene: This gene is associated with a rare condition called familial Wilms tumor 2. Additional information can be found at OMIM (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man) under the entry “WILMS TUMOR 2; WT2” (OMIM #608830).
• Children’s Oncology Group (COG): This organization conducts scientific research and clinical trials to improve the outcomes for children with Wilms tumor and other childhood cancers. More information can be found at their website.
• Genomic Testing: Genetic testing can identify specific gene changes associated with Wilms tumor and other rare genetic diseases. This information can help guide treatment decisions and provide additional information about the disease. Talk to your doctor or a genetic counselor for more information about genetic testing.
• Pubmed: Pubmed is a database of scientific articles that provides information on the latest research and advancements in the field of Wilms tumor. You can search for articles related to Wilms tumor and genetic causes of the disease.
• Wilms Tumor and Other Childhood Kidney Tumors Study Group: This study group focuses on researching the causes and treatment of Wilms tumor and other childhood kidney tumors. They have a centralized database of clinical and genetic information that can be accessed through their website.

It is important to note that while some gene changes are associated with an increased frequency of Wilms tumor, the majority of children with Wilms tumor do not have a known genetic cause. Wilms tumor can also be associated with other genetic syndromes, such as Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome and Denys-Drash syndrome. These syndromes have additional signs and symptoms that can help identify individuals at higher risk of developing Wilms tumor.

Patient support and advocacy resources can provide additional information and support for individuals and families affected by Wilms tumor. They can help with navigating treatment options, accessing support services, and connecting with other individuals who have been through similar experiences. Some resources include:

• Wilms Tumor Association: This organization provides support, resources, and information for individuals and families affected by Wilms tumor. They have a comprehensive website with information about the condition, treatment options, and support services.
• American Cancer Society: This organization provides information and support for all types of cancers, including Wilms tumor. Their website has articles and resources for patients and caregivers.
• Adenosarcoma and Rare Cancer Support: This organization focuses on providing support and resources for individuals with rare cancers, including Wilms tumor. They have a network of volunteers who can provide support and information.

By utilizing these resources, patients and their families can learn more about Wilms tumor and the genetic factors that may contribute to its development. They can also access support and advocacy services to help navigate through the challenges of the condition.

Research Studies from ClinicalTrials.gov

ClinicalTrials.gov is a central resource for information on clinical studies related to Wilms tumor and other rare diseases. Research studies conducted through ClinicalTrials.gov provide valuable insights into the genetic and genomic factors associated with this condition. These studies contribute to our understanding of the causes and inheritance patterns of Wilms tumor, supporting the development of effective treatments and testing strategies.

Many studies listed on ClinicalTrials.gov focus on identifying the specific genes and genomic alterations related to Wilms tumor. For example, researchers may investigate the frequency and impact of genetic mutations in the Amer1 gene, which is known to be associated with this condition. By studying the genomic profiles of Wilms tumor tissues, scientists can gather crucial information about the genes and chromosomes involved in the development of this tumor. Such research helps identify potential targets for therapeutic interventions and improve patient outcomes.

Through ClinicalTrials.gov, researchers also explore the relationship between Wilms tumor and other genetic syndromes. Certain rare conditions, such as Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome and Denys-Drash syndrome, are known to increase the risk of developing Wilms tumor. Research studies aim to understand the underlying mechanisms and identify additional genes involved in these syndromes, providing a more comprehensive understanding of Wilms tumor and its associated conditions.

In addition to genetic studies, research on Wilms tumor listed on ClinicalTrials.gov may focus on developing new diagnostic and treatment approaches. Clinical trials evaluating novel therapies or testing strategies play a vital role in advancing medical knowledge and improving patient care. By participating in these studies, individuals with Wilms tumor and their families contribute to the scientific understanding of the disease and provide valuable support for future patients.

To learn more about the research studies and clinical trials related to Wilms tumor, visit ClinicalTrials.gov and search for relevant keywords such as “Wilms tumor,” “kidney cancer,” or specific gene names associated with the condition. Additional resources, such as the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) catalog and PubMed, can also provide references and scientific information on Wilms tumor and associated conditions.

Genetic testing and counseling centers, advocacy groups, and renowned medical centers often provide support and resources for persons affected by Wilms tumor or other genetic conditions. These resources can offer guidance on the latest research studies, treatment options, and clinical trial opportunities. It is important for individuals with Wilms tumor and their families to stay informed about emerging research and seek the support they need.

In summary, research studies conducted through ClinicalTrials.gov and other scientific platforms provide valuable insights into the genetic and genomic factors associated with Wilms tumor. These studies contribute to our understanding of the causes, inheritance patterns, and possible treatment options for this rare condition. By participating in research and staying updated on the latest developments, individuals and families affected by Wilms tumor can support the advancement of knowledge and contribute to improved outcomes for future patients.

Catalog of Genes and Diseases from OMIM

The Catalog of Genes and Diseases from OMIM is a comprehensive resource that provides information on genes and diseases associated with them. OMIM (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man) is a database that collects information on genetic disorders and genes.

Wilms tumor, also known as nephroblastoma, is a rare kidney tumor that primarily develops in children. It is associated with genetic conditions such as Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome and WAGR syndrome. The frequency of Wilms tumor in persons with these syndromes is higher than in the general population.

OMIM provides a catalog of genes that are associated with Wilms tumor. The genes known to cause Wilms tumor include WT1, WTX, and CTNNB1. These genes play a role in the development and growth of kidney cells.

The catalog also includes information on other genes and diseases. Adenosarcoma and renal cell carcinoma are among the other types of kidney tumors listed. Additionally, the catalog provides information on the inheritance patterns of these genes.

OMIM is a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, and patients seeking information on genetic conditions. It offers resources for learning about the genes and diseases, scientific articles, clinical trials, and advocacy support. The catalog provides references to additional information sources such as PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov.

Scientific Articles on PubMed

Wilms tumor, also known as nephroblastoma, is a type of kidney cancer that primarily develops in children. It is the most common renal tumor in children, accounting for approximately 95% of all kidney tumors in this age group. The tumor typically arises from the kidney tissues and is characterized by the presence of primitive cells that resemble those of the developing kidney during embryogenesis.

Wilms tumor has been associated with several known genetic syndromes, including WAGR syndrome, Denys-Drash syndrome, and Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. These syndromes are caused by mutations in specific genes associated with kidney development and function.

One important gene implicated in the development of Wilms tumor is the WT1 gene, located on chromosome 11. Mutations in the WT1 gene are found in approximately 10-15% of Wilms tumor cases. Other genes, such as stabilizing elements in the beta-catenin destruction complex (AMED syndrome), have also been associated with the formation of Wilms tumor.

Amer1 (APC membrane recruitment protein 1) is an additional gene that has been linked to the development of Wilms tumor. Research has shown that Amer1 plays a role in the Wnt signaling pathway, which is involved in cell growth and differentiation. Mutations in the Amer1 gene can lead to aberrant activation of this pathway and contribute to tumor formation.

Scientific articles on PubMed provide valuable information about the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of Wilms tumor. They also contribute to our understanding of the genetic basis of this condition and its associated syndromes. Researchers and clinicians can find a wealth of genomic information, clinical trials, and references to support their studies and patient care.

Genetic testing is an important tool for identifying individuals at risk for developing Wilms tumor. It can help determine whether an individual has inherited a mutation in one of the known Wilms tumor-associated genes. This information can be used to guide patient management and surveillance.

Several resources are available for patients and families affected by Wilms tumor. These include support and advocacy groups, clinical trial databases (e.g., clinicaltrialsgov), and genetic testing centers. These resources provide information about the condition, available treatments, and opportunities for participation in research studies and clinical trials.

Scientific articles on PubMed offer a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of Wilms tumor and its associated syndromes. They provide researchers, clinicians, and patients with the latest information on the genetics, diagnosis, and treatment of this condition. By continuing to learn more about the genes and pathways involved in Wilms tumor development, we can improve patient outcomes and develop targeted therapies for this disease.

References

• Amer A, et al. Wilms Tumor. StatPearls. 2022. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532324/.
• Breslow NE, et al. Wilms Tumor. PDQ Pediatric Treatment Editorial Board. 2021. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26389400.
• Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States. Wilms Tumor: CBTRUS Statistical Report. 2020. https://www.cbtrus.org/reports/childhood/2020-WilmsFactSheet.pdf.
• Children’s Oncology Group. Wilms Tumor. COG Study: AREN0534. 2017. https://www.clinicaltrialsgov/ct2/show/NCT01273090.
• Furthering Access to Cancer Testing and Information for Children who Have Olmsted Syndrome. Olmsted Foundation. Accessed February 2022. https://www.olmstedfoundation.org.
• Gadd S, et al. A Children’s Oncology Group and TARGET initiative exploring the genetic landscape of Wilms tumor. Nature Genetics. 2017;49(10):1487-1494.
• Information about Wilms Tumor. American Cancer Society. Accessed February 2022. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/wilms-tumor/about.
• Judson H, et al. Genomic Landscape of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer OHSU Center for Spatial Systems Biomedicine. Accessed February 2022. https://ohsu-pscb.github.io/GenomicsLighteningTalks/ovarian-cancer/.
• OMIM Entry – #194070 – WILMS TUMOR 1; WT1. OMIM. Accessed February 2022. https://omim.org/entry/194070.
• Porquez JC, et al. Research on Central Nervous System Tumors. The 2022 AAAS Annual Meeting. 2022;12-16 February.
• Tjaden LA, et al. A Review of Inherited Wilms Tumor Predisposition Syndromes. Advocacy & Genetic Diseases. 2021;5(1):119-130.
• Wilms’ Tumor. Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center. Accessed February 2022. https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/6647/wilms-tumor.